Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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496 V. I. LENIN increases. Every new mile of railway, every new workshop, every iron plough acquired by a rural bourgeois increases the demand for the products of ore-mining. Although from 1851 to 1897 the consumption of pig-iron, for example, in Russia increased from 14 pounds per head to 13 poods, even this latter amount will have to increase very considerably before it approaches the size of the demand for pigiron in the advanced countries (in Belgium and England it is over 6 poods per inhabitant). V. IS THE NUMBER OF WORKERS IN LARGE CAPITALIST ENTERPRISES GROWING? Having examined the statistics of the factory and mining industries, we can now attempt to answer this question, one which has so much engaged the attention of the Narodnik economists, and which they have answered in the negative (Messrs. V. V., N. —on, Karyshev and Kablukov have asserted that the number of factory workers in Russia is increasing—if it is increasing— more slowly than the population). Let us observe first of all that the question must be whether an increase is taking place in the commercial and industrial population at the expense of the agricultural population (of this below), or whether an increase is taking place in the number of workers employed in large-scale machine industry. It cannot be asserted that the number of workers in small industrial establishments or in manufactories must increase in a developing capitalist society, for the factory constantly eliminates the more primitive forms of industry. Our factory statistics, however, as was shown in detail above, do not always refer to the factory in the scientific sense of the term. To examine the data on the question that interests us, we must take, firstly, the returns for all branches, and, secondly, the returns for a long period. Only if we do that is there a guarantee that the data will be more or less comparable. We take the years 1865 and 1890, a stretch of twenty-five years in the post-Reform period. Let us sum up the available statistics. The factory statistics give the fullest data for 1865; for European Russia they
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA 497 showed 380,638 factory workers in all trades except distilling, brewing, beet-sugar and tobacco.* To determine the number of workers in these trades, we have to take the only data available, those of the Military Statistical Abstract, which, as has been shown above, must be corrected. By adding the 127,935 workers in the trades mentioned,** we get the total number of factory workers in European Russia in 1865 (in excise-paying and non-excise-paying trades) as 508,573.*** For 1890 the corresponding figure will be 839,730.**** The increase is 65%, much greater than the increase in population. It must, however, be borne in mind that actually the increase was undoubtedly bigger than these figures show: above it was demonstrated in detail that the factory statistics for the 1860s are exaggerated due to their inclusion of small handicraft, artisan and agricultural establishments, as well as home workers. Unfortunately, we are unable, for lack of material, to correct all these exaggerations in full, and prefer not to correct them in part, especially as more exact data will be given below regarding the number of workers in large factories. Let us pass to the mining and metallurgical statistics. For 1865 the number of mine workers was given only for the copper and iron trades, as well as the gold and platinum fields; for European Russia it was 133,176.(*) In 1890, * Returns and Material of the Ministry of Finance, 1867, No. 6. It has been shown above that for comparison with contemporary data one can only take data from the same source, i.e., those of the Ministry of Finance. ** The number of workers in brewing is 6,825, this figure is also exaggerated, but it cannot be corrected for lack of data; in beetsugar making—68,334 (according to The Ministry of Finance Yearbook); tobacco-making—6,116 (corrected) and distilling—46,660 (corrected). *** Mr. Tugan-Baranovsky quotes for 1866 the figure given by Mr. Veshnyakov—493,371 (The Factory, p. 339). We do not know how this figure was arrived at; it differs very slightly from the one we give. **** According to the Directory for 1890. From the total of 875,764 we have to subtract the number of workers duplicated in mining statistics, viz., 291 in asphalt, 3,468 in salt, and 32,275 in rails production. (* ) For the number of mine workers in the 60s, see Statistical Chronicle, I, 1866; The Ministry of Finance Yearbook, I; Statistical Returns for Mining, for 1864-1867, St. Petersburg, 1864-1867, published by the Mining Scientific Committee.
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W O R K E R S O F A L L C O U N T R
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ИНCTИTУT МАРKCИзМА —Л
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PUBLISHER’S NOTE The present Engl
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10 CONTENTS V. The Views of Adam Sm
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12 CONTENTS workers and peasants 16
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14 CONTENTS 1) Distilling . . . . .
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16 CONTENTS 8) The Metal Trades. Th
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18 CONTENTS II. The Growth of the C
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Written in 1896-99. First printed i
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26 V. I. LENIN indicated the topic
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28 V. I. LENIN as the Germans say (
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32 V. I. LENIN as the phenomenon ex
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34 V. I. LENIN according to the fir
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38 V. I. LENIN kinds of raw materia
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40 V. I. LENIN II. THE GROWTH OF TH
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42 V. I. LENIN fact of the ruin of
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44 V. I. LENIN capitalist developme
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46 V. I. LENIN or the role of the f
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48 V. I. LENIN total of commodities
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50 V. I. LENIN the country’s tota
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52 V. I. LENIN controversies over t
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54 V. I. LENIN Narodnik economists
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56 V. I. LENIN of consumption, but
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58 V. I. LENIN (III, 2, 21. Russ. t
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60 V. I. LENIN brings our Narodniks
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62 V. I. LENIN of this subject a si
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64 V. I. LENIN gross income. But ev
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66 V. I. LENIN reproduction of soci
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68 V. I. LENIN from simple commodit
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70 C H A P T E R II THE DIFFERENTIA
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72 V. I. LENIN Mr. Postnikov employ
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74 V. I. LENIN Thus the well-to-do
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76 V. I. LENIN and reduction of the
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78 Groups of households V. I. LENIN
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80 V. I. LENIN the peasant bourgeoi
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82 V. I. LENIN statistical returns.
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84 V. I. LENIN No. of Dess. per ren
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86 V. I. LENIN of the Germans and t
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88 V. I. LENIN . . . plough it agai
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90 V. I. LENIN we get the following
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92 V. I. LENIN to the complete adap
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94 V. I. LENIN Thus, here again we
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96 V. I. LENIN household returns on
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98 V. I. LENIN prevents the underst
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100 V. I. LENIN the distribution of
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102 V. I. LENIN Hence, we see every
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104 V. I. LENIN tov statisticians d
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106 V. I. LENIN IV. ZEMSTVO STATIST
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108 V. I. LENIN Let us pass to the
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110 V. I. LENIN between the groups
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112 V. I. LENIN We see also how pro
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114 V. I. LENIN especially of allot
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116 V. I. LENIN families, combining
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118 V. I. LENIN see what sort of in
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120 V. I. LENIN Here too, consequen
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122 V. I. LENIN average rye yield g
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124 V. I. LENIN Gubernias there is
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126 V. I. LENIN Comment is superflu
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128 V. I. LENIN so, we have to spli
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
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ING TABLES A & B E Z D S O R G R O
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Groups buildings THE DEVELOPMENT OF
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Groups Rye flour (meras) THE DEVELO
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192 V. I. LENIN labour was separate
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194 V. I. LENIN immediately after t
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196 V. I. LENIN tion not only of al
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198 V. I. LENIN Having established
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200 V. I. LENIN corvée economy,* a
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202 V. I. LENIN a direct comparison
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204 V. I. LENIN has undertaken to d
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206 V. I. LENIN fulfilment of which
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208 V. I. LENIN unsuitable for the
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210 V. I. LENIN out the gubernia. .
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212 V. I. LENIN between landlord an
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214 V. I. LENIN “Only then is acc
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216 V. I. LENIN very outset, along
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218 V. I. LENIN aspects of agricult
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220 V. I. LENIN imports of agricult
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222 V. I. LENIN but also “handicr
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224 V. I. LENIN drawn up at a lando
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226 V. I. LENIN published by the Ps
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228 V. I. LENIN According to the re
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230 V. I. LENIN service by capitali
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232 V. I. LENIN to 70 workers, of w
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234 V. I. LENIN themselves without
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236 V. I. LENIN measures that devel
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238 V. I. LENIN migrate embraces Be
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240 V. I. LENIN existence of such a
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242 V. I. LENIN some one and a half
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244 V. I. LENIN North Caucasus, of
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246 V. I. LENIN “don’t know day
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248 V. I. LENIN precarious its exis
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250 V. I. LENIN “rowdy habits,”
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252 C H A P T E R IV THE GROWTH OF
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254 V. I. LENIN noteworthy is the f
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256 V. I. LENIN But before examinin
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258 V. I. LENIN have quickly increa
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260 V. I. LENIN 39.5% seasonal, and
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262 V. I. LENIN produce of this sor
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264 V. I. LENIN This table clearly
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266 V. I. LENIN 240,000 rubles in 1
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268 V. I. LENIN add here that the a
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270 V. I. LENIN but generic (res fu
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272 V. I. LENIN material for judgin
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274 V. I. LENIN a ruinously cheap p
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276 Groups of households V. I. LENI
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278 V. I. LENIN more profitable, bu
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280 V. I. LENIN in Three Volosts of
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282 V. I. LENIN farming and the det
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284 V. I. LENIN has assumed the cle
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286 V. I. LENIN operated).* “Toda
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288 V. I. LENIN industry of capital
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290 V. I. LENIN etc.* The area of t
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292 V. I. LENIN 1860-1864 was 4.1 m
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294 V. I. LENIN supports the opinio
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296 V. I. LENIN estimated at 130, e
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298 V. I. LENIN autumn (“from end
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300 V. I. LENIN Survey, Vol. II,
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302 V. I. LENIN Almost half the are
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304 V. I. LENIN VIII. INDUSTRIAL VE
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306 V. I. LENIN The peasant vegetab
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308 V. I. LENIN (1897, No. 16) on
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310 V. I. LENIN mation effected in
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312 V. I. LENIN different areas, bu
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314 V. I. LENIN Secondly, agricultu
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316 V. I. LENIN community by the di
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318 V. I. LENIN we do not in the le
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320 V. I. LENIN of the soil, etc.*
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322 V. I. LENIN discusses the diffe
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324 V. I. LENIN how divergent their
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326 V. I. LENIN especially emphasis
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328 V. I. LENIN proposition of the
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330 V. I. LENIN capitalism: fortuna
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332 V. I. LENIN of articles to the
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334 V. I. LENIN labour does not app
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336 V. I. LENIN definite circle of
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338 V. I. LENIN III. THE GROWTH OF
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340 V. I. LENIN we note the growth
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342 V. I. LENIN Similarly, the Perm
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344 V. I. LENIN a peasant bourgeois
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346 V. I. LENIN resort to the hire
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348 V. I. LENIN Let us now examine
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Percentages CHART OF SUMMARIZED DAT
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352 V. I. LENIN ing majority of the
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354 V. I. LENIN establishments in 7
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356 V. I. LENIN V. CAPITALIST SIMPL
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358 V. I. LENIN take it easy somewh
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360 V. I. LENIN there; it is necess
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362 V. I. LENIN and those of petty
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364 V. I. LENIN I suggested that th
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366 V. I. LENIN bigger tradeswomen.
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368 V. I. LENIN chant’s capital i
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370 V. I. LENIN prosperous peasants
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372 V. I. LENIN that is why their f
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374 V. I. LENIN workers; workroom o
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376 V. I. LENIN namely, that even t
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378 V. I. LENIN it is not the profi
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380 V. I. LENIN and one of the most
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382 V. I. LENIN a similar kind: som
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384 C H A P T E R VI CAPITALIST MAN
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386 V. I. LENIN production, regardi
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388 V. I. LENIN Let us illustrate t
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390 V. I. LENIN whole business is r
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392 V. I. LENIN in boots, hats, soc
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394 V. I. LENIN in 18 establishment
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396 V. I. LENIN for nearly 200 year
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398 V. I. LENIN on the job extensiv
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400 V. I. LENIN diverting the popul
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402 V. I. LENIN decisive advantage
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404 V. I. LENIN erable commercial a
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406 V. I. LENIN of Viyezdnaya Slobo
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408 V. I. LENIN far back as the fir
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410 V. I. LENIN The industry is a v
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412 V. I. LENIN the workers, he lec
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414 V. I. LENIN that despite the en
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416 V. I. LENIN Turning to the econ
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418 V. I. LENIN least surprising if
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420 V. I. LENIN People have to work
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422 V. I. LENIN 10) T h e J e w e l
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424 V. I. LENIN predominates,” an
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426 V. I. LENIN a fraction of capit
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428 V. I. LENIN personal dependence
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430 V. I. LENIN in the post-Reform
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432 V. I. LENIN veniences of commun
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434 V. I. LENIN the West the manufa
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436 V. I. LENIN on the other hand,
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438 V. I. LENIN friends in misfortu
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440 V. I. LENIN special sorts of pr
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442 V. I. LENIN period, however, of
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444 V. I. LENIN the average daily e
Page 464 and 465: 446 V. I. LENIN application of capi
Page 466 and 467: 448 V. I. LENIN we described in Cha
Page 468 and 469: 450 V. I. LENIN the organisation of
Page 470 and 471: 452 V. I. LENIN taken over quite un
Page 472 and 473: 454 C H A P T E R VII THE DEVELOPME
Page 474 and 475: 456 V. I. LENIN This, largely negat
Page 476 and 477: 458 V. I. LENIN of this obvious exa
Page 478 and 479: 460 V. I. LENIN the data of the Mil
Page 480 and 481: 462 V. I. LENIN establishments with
Page 482 and 483: 464 V. I. LENIN comparable with oth
Page 484 and 485: 466 V. I. LENIN Let us observe, inc
Page 486 and 487: 468 V. I. LENIN data for establishm
Page 488 and 489: 470 V. I. LENIN (Moscow, Grodno, Li
Page 490 and 491: 472 V. I. LENIN together with facto
Page 492 and 493: 474 V. I. LENIN 1890, and of spindl
Page 494 and 495: 476 V. I. LENIN The tallow trade ha
Page 496 and 497: 478 V. I. LENIN 840 workers and an
Page 498 and 499: 480 V. I. LENIN 5,605 and 5,201* (C
Page 500 and 501: 482 V. I. LENIN believes every figu
Page 502 and 503: 484 V. I. LENIN 1. The number of fa
Page 504 and 505: 486 V. I. LENIN countries, where la
Page 506 and 507: 488 V. I. LENIN with the aid of woo
Page 508 and 509: 490 V. I. LENIN see that the develo
Page 510 and 511: 492 V. I. LENIN enormous developmen
Page 512 and 513: 494 V. I. LENIN of 480,800, i.e., l
Page 516 and 517: 498 V. I. LENIN there were in the s
Page 518 and 519: 500 V. I. LENIN the proportion of
Page 520 and 521: 502 V. I. LENIN Inde- MembersTotal
Page 522 and 523: 504 V. I. LENIN the best of years j
Page 524 and 525: 506 V. I. LENIN We have no doubt th
Page 526 and 527: 508 Steamboilers V. I. LENIN Number
Page 528 and 529: 510 Largest factories in European R
Page 530: 512 V. I. LENIN increase. But if we
Page 534 and 535: 516 V. I. LENIN In the mining indus
Page 536 and 537: 518 V. I. LENIN Directory for 1879
Page 538 and 539: 520 V. I. LENIN The second type of
Page 540 and 541: 522 Leading centres of factory indu
Page 542 and 543: 524 V. I. LENIN receives a tremendo
Page 544 and 545: 526 V. I. LENIN productive consumpt
Page 546 and 547: 528 V. I. LENIN Regarding Tikhvin U
Page 548 and 549: 530 V. I. LENIN production. In a wo
Page 550 and 551: 532 V. I. LENIN 300 to 500 carpente
Page 552 and 553: 534 V. I. LENIN X. THE APPENDAGE TO
Page 554 and 555: 536 V. I. LENIN example, ready-made
Page 556 and 557: 538 V. I. LENIN F a c t o r i e s a
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Page 560 and 561: 542 V. I. LENIN growing with enormo
Page 562 and 563: 544 V. I. LENIN In manufacture we s
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546 V. I. LENIN Under manufacture t
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548 V. I. LENIN The settled charact
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550 V. I. LENIN creation of mobilit
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552 C H A P T E R VIII THE FORMATIO
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554 V. I. LENIN The amount of freig
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556 V. I. LENIN The latest statisti
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558 Population of European No. of t
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562 V. I. LENIN 2) T h e S i g n i
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564 Population (thousands) Urban %
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566 V. I. LENIN 3) T h e G r o w t
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568 V. I. LENIN of urban and non-ur
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570 V. I. LENIN Percentage distribu
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572 V. I. LENIN identity cards were
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574 V. I. LENIN permits) into group
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576 V. I. LENIN from 2.1 million ru
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578 V. I. LENIN youth are so eager
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580 V. I. LENIN very disadvantageou
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582 V. I. LENIN that the bottom gro
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584 V. I. LENIN that capitalism is
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586 V. I. LENIN Therefore, only by
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588 Average wages for 10 years (188
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590 V. I. LENIN has been said above
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592 V. I. LENIN well developed capi
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594 V. I. LENIN sian market. Russia
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596 V. I. LENIN preneurs naturally
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598 V. I. LENIN laws of the realisa
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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No. of industry Name of industry To
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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602 V. I. LENIN FROM MARX TO MAO
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604 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
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606 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
Page 630 and 631:
Total for enumerated 103 centres .
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611 “Jove is wrathful” . . . .
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 613 dispose of
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 615 consumed i
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 617 see that t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 619 of divisio
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 621 not even t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 623 payments w
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 625 developmen
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 627 Finally, t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 629 which not
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 631 Marxism in
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N O T E S
Page 658 and 659:
636 NOTES Lenin’s sister, A. I. U
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638 NOTES 4 5 6 part of The Develop
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640 NOTES 9 10 11 exorbitant price.
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642 NOTES 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
Page 666 and 667:
644 NOTES 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 i
Page 668 and 669:
646 NOTES 56 57 58 59 60 Handicraft
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648 NOTES 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 8
Page 672 and 673:
650 NOTES 88 89 90 91 92 93 Russkay
Page 674 and 675:
652 NOTES 105 106 107 108 109 110 1
Page 676 and 677:
654 NOTES 132 133 134 135 136 137 1
Page 678 and 679:
656 NOTES 151 152 153 154 155 156 1
Page 680:
658 NOTES 170 171 172 173 174 175 1
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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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