Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

568
V. I. LENIN
of urban and non-urban industrial and commercial centres
of population. The Combined Returns for Voronezh Gubernia
gives a combined table classifying the villages in 8 uyezds of
the gubernia. In these uyezds there are 8 towns, with a
population of 56,149 (in 1897). Of the villages, on the other
hand, 4 stand out with 9,376 households, and with 53,732
inhabitants, i.e., they are much bigger than the towns. In
5 these villages there are 240 commercial and 404 industrial
establishments. Of the total households, 60% do not
cultivate at all, 21% cultivate by neighbour-hire or on a
half-crop basis, 71% have neither draught animals nor
implements, 63% buy grain all year round, 86% engage in
industries. By placing the entire population of these centres
in the category of commercial and industrial, we not
only do not exaggerate, but rather minimise, the size of the
latter, for altogether in these 8 uyezds 21,956 households cultivate
no land at all. Nevertheless, in the agricultural
gubernia we have taken, the commercial and industrial population
outside the towns turns out to be not less than that
inside the towns.
4) N o n - A g r i c u l t u r a l O u t s i d e E m p l o y m e n t s
But even if we add to the towns the factory and commercial
and industrial villages and townships we are far
from exhausting the total industrial population of Russia.
The lack of freedom of movement and the social-estate
exclusiveness of the village community fully explain the
remarkable characteristic of Russia that we have to include no
small part of the rural population in its industrial population,
that part which obtains its livelihood by working in
industrial centres and spends part of the year in these centres.
We refer to the so-called non-agricultural “outside
employments.” From the official point of view, these “industrialists”
are peasant farmers who merely have “subsidiary
employments,” and the majority of the Narodnik economists
have, without further ado, adopted that viewpoint. There is
no need, after what has been said above, to prove in detail
how unsound it is. At all events, however much opinions on
it may vary, there cannot be the slightest doubt that it