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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA<br />

471<br />

341 steam-engines with a <strong>to</strong>tal <strong>of</strong> 6,602 h.p. The use <strong>of</strong><br />

steam power, therefore, did not make very rapid progress;<br />

this is <strong>to</strong> be explained partly by the traditions <strong>of</strong> landlord<br />

fac<strong>to</strong>ries and partly by the displacement <strong>of</strong> felt cloth<br />

by the cheaper worsted and mixed fabrics.* In the years<br />

1875-1878 there were seven mechanised establishments using<br />

20 steam-engines with a <strong>to</strong>tal <strong>of</strong> 303 h.p., and in 1890 there<br />

were 28 mechanised establishments employing 61 steamengines<br />

<strong>to</strong> a <strong>to</strong>tal <strong>of</strong> 1,375 h.p.**<br />

In regard <strong>to</strong> the woollen-goods industry let us also take<br />

note <strong>of</strong> felt-making, a branch that shows in particularly<br />

striking fashion the impossibility <strong>of</strong> comparing fac<strong>to</strong>ry statistics<br />

for different times: the figures for 1866 are 77 fac<strong>to</strong>ries<br />

with a <strong>to</strong>tal <strong>of</strong> 295 workers, while for 1890 they are<br />

57 fac<strong>to</strong>ries with 1,217 workers. The former figure includes<br />

60 small establishments employing 137 workers with an output<br />

<strong>of</strong> under 2,000 rubles, while the latter includes an<br />

establishment with four workers. In 1866 39 small establishments<br />

were recorded in Semyonov Uyezd, Nizhni-<br />

Novgorod Gubernia, where felt-making is now highly developed<br />

but is regarded as a “handicraft” and not a “fac<strong>to</strong>ry”<br />

industry (see Chapter VI, §II, 2).<br />

Further, a particularly important place in the textile<br />

trades is held by cot<strong>to</strong>n processing, a branch which now<br />

employs over 200,000 workers. Here we observe one <strong>of</strong><br />

the biggest errors <strong>of</strong> our fac<strong>to</strong>ry statistics, namely, the<br />

combining <strong>of</strong> fac<strong>to</strong>ry workers and capitalistically occupied<br />

home workers. Large-scale machine industry<br />

developed here (as in many other cases) by drawing home<br />

workers in<strong>to</strong> the fac<strong>to</strong>ry. It is obvious how dis<strong>to</strong>rted this<br />

process will appear if work-distributing <strong>of</strong>fices and workrooms<br />

are classed as “fac<strong>to</strong>ries,” if home workers are lumped<br />

* Cf. Successes <strong>of</strong> Russian Industry According <strong>to</strong> Surveys <strong>of</strong><br />

Expert Commissions, St. Petersburg, 1897, p. 60.<br />

** The data on steam-engines in this and the following instances<br />

are taken from Material for the Statistics <strong>of</strong> Steam-Engines in the<br />

Russian Empire published by the Central Statistical Committee,<br />

St. Petersburg, 1882; for 1890 they are taken from Collection <strong>of</strong> Data<br />

on Fac<strong>to</strong>ry Industry; data on mechanised establishments are from the<br />

Direc<strong>to</strong>ry.

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