Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

380
V. I. LENIN
and one of the most striking features of the post-Reform
history of Russia is the extremely rapid and extremely
wide incidence of this form.
5) Petty-bourgeois (commercial) agriculture is combined
with petty-bourgeois industries (small commodity production
in industry, petty trade, etc.).
The difference between this form and the third is that
here petty-bourgeois relations embrace not only industry
but also agriculture. Being the most typical form of the
combination of industry with agriculture in the economy of
the small rural bourgeoisie, this form is therefore characteristic
of all capitalist countries. The honour of discovering
a capitalism without a petty bourgeoisie fell to the
Russian Narodnik economists alone.
6) Wage-labour in agriculture is combined with wagelabour
in industry. We have already discussed how such a
combination of industry and agriculture manifests itself
and what it signifies.
Thus, the forms of the “combination of agriculture with
industry” among our peasantry are extremely varied: there
are those which express the most primitive economic system
with the dominance of natural economy; there are those
which express a high development of capitalism; there are
a whole number of transitional stages between the former
and the latter. By confining oneself to general formulas
such as: the “combination of industry with agriculture,”
or the “separation of industry from agriculture”), one cannot
advance a single step in explaining the actual process
of development of capitalism.
IX. SOME REMARKS ON THE PRE-CAPITALIST ECONOMY
OF OUR COUNTRYSIDE
The essence of the problem of “the destiny of capitalism
in Russia” is often presented as though prime importance
attaches to the question: how fast? (i.e., how fast
is capitalism developing?). Actually, however, far greater
importance attaches to the question: how exactly? and to
the question: where from? (i.e., what was the nature of
the pre-capitalist economic system in Russia?). The