Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA
143
cellery of the Committee of Ministers, St. Petersburg, 1894,
considers that in the 50 gubernias of European Russia there
are 11,223,962 households in the volosts, including 10,589,967
peasant households). For the whole of Russia we have data
on the distribution of horses among the peasants in Statistics
of the Russian Empire. XX. Army-Horse Census of
1888 (St. Petersburg, 1891), and Statistics of the Russian
Empire. XXXI. Army-Horse Census of 1891 (St. Petersburg,
1894). The first publication contains an analysis of
the data collected in 1888 for 41 gubernias (including the
10 gubernias in the Kingdom of Poland), and the second
for 18 gubernias in European Russia, plus the Caucasus,
the Kalmyk Steppe and the Don Military Region.
Singling out 49 gubernias in European Russia (the
returns for Don Region are not complete) and combining the
data for 1888 and 1891, we get the following picture of the
distribution of the total number of horses belonging to the
peasants in village communities.
In 49 Gubernias of European Russia
Peasant households Horses owned Horses
Groups of farms per
Total % Total % household
Horseless
With 1 horse
2,777,485
2,909,042
27.3
28.6
55.9
—
2,909,042
—
17.2
—
1
” 2 horses 2,247,827 22.1 4,495,654 26.5 2
”
”
3 ”
4 and more
1,072,298
1,155,907
10.6
11.4
22.0
3,216,894
6,339,198
18.9
37.4
56.3
3
5.4
Total 10,162,559 100 16,960,788 100 1.6
Thus, all over Russia the distribution of draught horses
among the peasantry is very close to the “average” degree
of differentiation we have depicted in our chart. Actually,
the disintegration is even somewhat deeper: in the
hands of 22 per cent of the households (2.2 million out of
10.2 million) are concentrated 92 million horses out of
7 million, i.e., 56.3% of the total number. A vast mass
of 2.8 million households has none at all, while 2.9 million
{
{
{