Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA
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the southern and eastern outer regions. 2) From the northern
black-earth gubernias to the southern black-earth gubernias,
from which, in turn, the workers go to the border regions
(cf. Chapter III, §IX, pp. 237-238 and §X, pp. 242-243).
3) From the central agricultural gubernias to the industrial
gubernias (cf. Chapter IV, §IV, pp. 270-271). 4) From the
central and the south-western agricultural gubernias to the
area of sugar-beet plantations (workers come in part to these
places even from Galicia).
The main movements of non-agricultural workers are:
1) To the metropolitan cities and the large towns, chiefly
from the non-agricultural gubernias, but to a considerable
degree also from the agricultural gubernias. 2) To the
industrial area, to the factories of Vladimir, Yaroslavl and
other gubernias from the same localities. 3) To new centres
of industry or to new branches of industry, to centres
of non-factory industry, etc. These include the movement:
a) to the beet-sugar refineries of the south-western gubernias;
b) to the southern mining area; c) to jobs at the
docks (Odessa, Rostov-on-Don, Riga, etc.); d) to the peat
beds in Vladimir and other gubernias; e) to the mining and
metallurgical area of the Urals; f) to the fisheries (Astrakhan,
the Black Sea, Azov Sea, etc.); g) to shipbuilding, sailoring,
lumbering and rafting jobs, etc.; h) to jobs on the
railways, etc.
These are the main movements of the workers which,
according to the evidence of employers, more or less materially
affect the conditions of labour hire in the various
localities. To appreciate more clearly the significance of
these movements, let us compare them with the data on
wages in the various districts from and to which the
workers migrate. Confining ourselves to 28 gubernias in
European Russia, we divide these into 6 groups according
to the character of the movement of workers, and get the
following data:*
* The other gubernias are omitted in order not to complicate our
exposition with data that contribute nothing new to the subject
under examination; furthermore, the other gubernias are either
untouched by the main, mass, movements of workers (Urals, the North)
or have their specific ethnographical, administrative and juridical
features (the Baltic gubernias, the gubernias in the Jewish Pale of