22.12.2012 Views

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

576<br />

V. I. LENIN<br />

from 2.1 million rubles in 1868 (1.75 million rubles in 1866)<br />

<strong>to</strong> 4.5 million rubles in 1893-94, i.e., it more than doubled.<br />

The number <strong>of</strong> passports and identity cards issued increased<br />

in Moscow Gubernia between 1877 and 1885 by 20% (males)<br />

and 53% (females); in Tver Gubernia, between 1893 and<br />

1896 by 5.6%, in Kaluga Gubernia, between 1885 and 1895<br />

by 23% (and the number <strong>of</strong> months <strong>of</strong> absence by 26%);<br />

in Smolensk Gubernia, from 100,000 in 1875 <strong>to</strong> 117,000 in<br />

1885 and 140,000 in 1895; in Pskov Gubernia, from 11,716<br />

in 1865-1875 <strong>to</strong> 14,944 in 1876 and <strong>to</strong> 43,765 in 1896<br />

(males). In Kostroma Gubernia, in 1868, 23.8 passports and<br />

cards per 100 males were issued and 0.85 per 100 females,<br />

and in 1880—33.1 and 2.2. And so on and so forth.<br />

Like the diversion <strong>of</strong> the population from agriculture<br />

<strong>to</strong> the <strong>to</strong>wns, non-agricultural migration is a progressive<br />

phenomenon. It tears the population out <strong>of</strong> the neglected,<br />

backward, his<strong>to</strong>ry-forgotten remote spots and draws them<br />

in<strong>to</strong> the whirlpool <strong>of</strong> modern social life. It increases literacy<br />

among the population,* heightens their understanding,**<br />

and gives them civilised habits and requirements.***<br />

* Zhbankov: The Influence <strong>of</strong> Industries Employing Migra<strong>to</strong>ry<br />

Workers, etc., p. 36 and foll. The percentage <strong>of</strong> literate males in the<br />

uyezds <strong>of</strong> Kostroma Gubernia from which there is migration is 55.9%;<br />

in the fac<strong>to</strong>ry uyezds, 34.9%, in the settled (forest) uyezds, 25.8%;<br />

<strong>of</strong> literate females: 3.5%, 2.0% and 1.3%; school children: 1.44%,<br />

1.43%, and 1.07%. Children in uyezds from which there is migration<br />

also attend school in St. Petersburg.<br />

** “The literate Petersburgers take a positively better and more<br />

intelligent attitude <strong>to</strong> medical treatment” (ibid., 34), so that infectious<br />

diseases are not so fatal among them as in the “little-cultured”<br />

volosts (author’s italics).<br />

*** “The uyezds from which there is migration are much superior<br />

<strong>to</strong> the agricultural and forest localities in the arrangement <strong>of</strong><br />

their lives.... The clothes <strong>of</strong> the Petersburgers are much cleaner,<br />

smarter and more hygienic.... The children are kept cleaner, and that<br />

is why the itch and other skin diseases are not so frequent among them”<br />

(ibid., 39. Cf. Industries Employing Migra<strong>to</strong>ry Workers in Smolensk<br />

Gubernia, p. 8). “The villages from which there is migration differ<br />

considerably from those from which there is none: houses, clothes,<br />

habits and amusements remind one more <strong>of</strong> <strong>to</strong>wn than <strong>of</strong> village life”<br />

(Industries Employing Migra<strong>to</strong>ry Workers in Smolensk Gubernia,<br />

p. 3). In the volosts <strong>of</strong> Kostroma Gubernia from which there is migration<br />

“you find paper, ink, pencils and pens in half the houses”<br />

(Women’s Country, 67-68).

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!