Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA
budget in e is over five times that in b, whereas the size
of the family in e is less than three times that in b.
Let us examine the distribution of expenditures*:
Average expenditure per farm
On remaining Taxes
On food personal On farm and dues Total
Rbs. % consumption Rbs. % Rbs. % Rbs. %
Rbs. %
a) 60.98 55.89 17.51 16.05 15.12 13.87 15.47 14.19 109.08 100
b) 80.98 46.47 17.19 9.87 58.32 33.46 17.77 10.20 174.26 100
c) 181.11 47.77 44.62 11.77 121.42 32.02 32.02 8.44 379.17 100
d) 283.65 44.86 76.77 12.14 222.39 35.17 49.55 7.83 632.36 100
e) 373.81 39.88 147.83 15.77 347.76 37.12 67.90 7.23 937.30 100
f) 447.83 28.10 82.76 5.19 976.84 61.29 86.34 5.42 1,593.77 100
180.75 40.80 47.30 10.68 180.60 40.77 34.35 7.75 443.00 100
It is sufficient to glance at the farm expenditure as compared
with the total expenditure for each group to see that
here we have both proletarians and proprietors: in group
a the farm expenditure is only 14% of the total expenditure,
whereas in group f it is 61%. The differences in the absolute
figures of farm expenditure go without saying. Such expenditure
is negligible in the case not only of the horseless
but also of the one-horse peasant, and the one-horse “peasant”
is much closer to the ordinary type (in capitalist
countries) of allotment-holding farm labourer and day
labourer. Let us also note the very considerable differences
in the percentage of expenditure on food (a’s nearly double
f’s); as we know, a big percentage is evidence of a low standard
of living and is what most sharply differentiates the
budget of the proprietor from that of the worker.
* The Returns separate all “expenditure on personal and farm
needs other than food” from expenditure on the maintenance of animals,
and under the first heading, expenditures on lighting and on
rent, for example, are put side by side. This is obviously wrong.
We have separated personal from farm (“productive”) consumption,
and under the latter heading we have included expenditure on tar,
rope, horse-shoeing, building repairs, implements, harness; on labourers
and job workers, on herdsman, on the renting of land, and on the
maintenance of animals and poultry.
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