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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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12<br />

NOTES<br />

641<br />

Democratic group in the Second Duma arraigned and sentenced<br />

<strong>to</strong> hard labour. The so-called coup d’état <strong>of</strong> June 3 marked a temporary<br />

vic<strong>to</strong>ry <strong>of</strong> the counter-revolution. p. 34<br />

Popular Socialists—members <strong>of</strong> the Popular Socialist Party, which<br />

separated from the right wing <strong>of</strong> the Socialist-Revolutionary<br />

Party (S.R.s) in 1906. They expressed the interests <strong>of</strong> the<br />

kulaks and s<strong>to</strong>od for the partial nationalisation <strong>of</strong> landed<br />

estates on a redemption basis and the distribution <strong>of</strong> the land<br />

among the peasants according <strong>to</strong> the so-called labour norm. They<br />

favoured a bloc with the Cadets. <strong>Lenin</strong> called them “Social-Cadets,”<br />

“petty-bourgeois opportunists,” and “S.R. Mensheviks,” who vacillated<br />

between the Cadets and the S.R.s, and he emphasised that<br />

this party “differs very little from the Cadets, since it has withdrawn<br />

from its programme both the Republic and the demand for<br />

all the land.” The leading figures in the party were A. V. Peshekhonov,<br />

N. F. Annensky, V. A. Myakotin, and others. Following<br />

the February (1917) bourgeois-democratic revolution the Popular<br />

Socialist Party participated in the bourgeois Provisional<br />

Government. Following the Oc<strong>to</strong>ber Socialist Revolution the<br />

Popular Socialists participated in counter-revolutionary plots and<br />

armed actions against the Soviets. The party went out <strong>of</strong> existence<br />

during the Civil War.<br />

Trudoviks (from trud, “labour”)—a group <strong>of</strong> petty-bourgeois<br />

democrats in the Russian State Dumas, consisting <strong>of</strong> peasants<br />

and also <strong>of</strong> Narodnik-minded intellectuals. The Trudovik Group<br />

was constituted in April 1906 from the peasant deputies <strong>to</strong> the<br />

First State Duma.<br />

The demands <strong>of</strong> the Trudoviks included the abolition <strong>of</strong> all<br />

restrictions based on the social estates and on nationality, the<br />

democratisation <strong>of</strong> the Zemstvos and urban local government<br />

bodies, and universal suffrage in the elections <strong>to</strong> the State Duma.<br />

The Trudovik agrarian programme proceeded from the Narodnik<br />

principle <strong>of</strong> the equalitarian use <strong>of</strong> the land: the formation<br />

<strong>of</strong> a national fund made up <strong>of</strong> lands belonging <strong>to</strong> the state, the<br />

royal family, the tsar himself and the monasteries, and also<br />

<strong>of</strong> private estates where they exceeded the established labour<br />

norm, with provision for compensation in the case <strong>of</strong> confiscated<br />

private estates. In the State Duma the Trudoviks vacillated<br />

between the Cadets and the Bolsheviks, their vacillations being<br />

due <strong>to</strong> the very class nature <strong>of</strong> the peasants who are petty<br />

proprie<strong>to</strong>rs. In September 1906 <strong>Lenin</strong> pointed out that the<br />

Trudovik peasant “is not above trying <strong>to</strong> strike a deal with the<br />

monarchy and settling down on his patch <strong>of</strong> land within the<br />

framework <strong>of</strong> the bourgeois system. At the present time, however,<br />

his energies are mainly devoted <strong>to</strong> the struggle against the<br />

landlords for the land, <strong>to</strong> the struggle against the feudal state<br />

for democracy.” (See present edition, <strong>Vol</strong>. 11, An Attempt at a Classification<br />

<strong>of</strong> the Political Parties <strong>of</strong> Russia.) Since the Trudoviks represented<br />

the peasant masses, the tactics <strong>of</strong> the Bolsheviks in the<br />

Duma were <strong>to</strong> arrive at agreements with them on individual issues

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