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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA<br />

449<br />

industries in which capitalist domestic industry predominates<br />

(including 5,504 wage-workers, i.e., hirelings <strong>of</strong> the second<br />

degree, so <strong>to</strong> speak). Further, there are 150 rural artisans<br />

(<strong>of</strong> whom 45 are hired) and 2,689 small commodityproducers<br />

(<strong>of</strong> whom 511 are hired). The <strong>to</strong>tal number <strong>of</strong><br />

capitalistically engaged workers is (15,447# 45# 511= )<br />

16,003, i.e., 87.5%.* In Kostroma Gubernia (on the basis<br />

<strong>of</strong> Mr. Tillo’s tables in the Transactions <strong>of</strong> the Handicraft<br />

Commission), there are 83,633 local industrialists, <strong>of</strong> whom<br />

19,701 are lumber-workers (fine “handicraftsmen”!), while<br />

29,564 work in their homes for capitalists; some 19,954 are<br />

engaged in industries in which small commodity-producers<br />

predominate, and some 14,414 are village artisans.**<br />

In 9 uyezds <strong>of</strong> Vyatka Gubernia there are (according <strong>to</strong><br />

the same Transactions) 60,019 local industrialists;<br />

<strong>of</strong> these, 9,672 are millers and oil-pressers; 2,032 are<br />

pure artisans (engaged in fabric-dyeing); 14,928 are partly<br />

artisans and partly commodity-producers, the overwhelming<br />

majority working independently; 14,424 engage in industries<br />

partly subordinated <strong>to</strong> capital; 14,875 engage in industries<br />

entirely subordinated <strong>to</strong> capital; 4,088 engage in industries<br />

in which wage-labour completely predominates.** On the<br />

basis <strong>of</strong> the data in the Transactions regarding the other<br />

gubernias we have compiled a table <strong>of</strong> those industries on<br />

* Unfortunately, we are unable <strong>to</strong> acquaint ourselves with the<br />

latest work on handicraft industry in Yaroslavl Gubernia (Handicraft<br />

Industries. Published by Statistical Bureau <strong>of</strong> Yaroslavl<br />

Gubernia Zemstvo. Yaroslavl, 1904). Judging from the detailed review<br />

in Russkiye Vedomosti (1904, No. 248), it is an extremely valuable<br />

piece <strong>of</strong> research. The number <strong>of</strong> handicraftsmen in the gubernia is<br />

estimated as 18,000 (the number <strong>of</strong> fac<strong>to</strong>ry workers in 1903 was<br />

placed at 33,898). Industries are on the decline. One-fifth <strong>of</strong> the enterprises<br />

employ wage-workers. One quarter <strong>of</strong> the <strong>to</strong>tal number <strong>of</strong><br />

handicraftsmen are wage-workers. Of the <strong>to</strong>tal number <strong>of</strong> handicraftsmen<br />

15% are engaged in establishments with 5 and more workers.<br />

Exactly one half <strong>of</strong> all the handicraftsmen work for masters, with<br />

materials supplied by the latter. Agriculture is on the decline; onesixth<br />

<strong>of</strong> the handicraftsmen have neither horses nor cows, one-third<br />

cultivate by hiring a neighbour; one-fifth have no land under crops.<br />

The earnings <strong>of</strong> a handicraftsman are 12, rubles a week! (Note <strong>to</strong> 2nd<br />

edition.)<br />

** All these figures are approximate, for the source does not give<br />

precise figures. Among the village artisans are included millers, blacksmiths,<br />

etc., etc.

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