Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

538
V. I. LENIN
F a c t o r i e s a n d W o r k s Per cent leaving
for work in fields
Hand cotton-weaving and dying . . . . . . .
Silk-weaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Porcelain and pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hand calico-printing and warp-distribution
offices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Felt cloth (complete production) . . . . . . . .
Cotton spinning and power-loom weaving . . . .
72.5
63.1
31.0
30.7
20.4
13.8
Hand
production
Power-loom weaving, including printing and
finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engineering works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calico-printing and finishing by machine . . . .
6.2
2.7
2.3
Machine
production
We have supplemented the author’s table by dividing
8 of the trades into those carried on by hand and those
by machinery. As regards the ninth, felt cloth production,
let us note that it is conducted partly by hand and partly
by machinery. Of the weavers in hand-loom factories
about 63% leave for field-work, while of those working
on power-looms not one leaves; of the workers in departments
of cloth mills that are mechanised 3.3% leave.
“Thus, the most important reason for factory workers
breaking their ties with the land is the transition from
hand to machine production. Despite the still relatively
considerable number of factories with hand production,
the number of workers employed in them, as compared
with the number in factories with machine production,
is quite negligible, that is why, of those who leave
for field-work, we get proportions as small as 14.1%
of adult workers in general and 15.4% of adult workers
belonging exclusively to the peasant social estate.”*
Let us recall that the returns of the sanitary inspection
of factories in Moscow Gubernia gave the following figures:
mechanical factories, 22.6% of the total (including 18.4%
using steam-engines); in these, 80.7% of the total number
of workers are concentrated. Hand-labour factories constitute
69.2%, employing only 16.2% of the total number of
workers. At the 244 mechanised factories there are 92,302
workers (378 workers per factory), while at the 747 handlabour
factories there are 18,520 workers (25 workers per
* Returns, p. 280. The Factory, p. 26.
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