Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA
393
workers, and buy wool to a value of some 10,000 rubles
per year.* The big owners are called thousanders; their turnover
runs to from 5,000 to 100,000 rubles; they have their
own wool warehouses, and their own booths for the sale of
wares.** For Kazan Gubernia the List gives 5 felt “factories,”
with 122 workers and an output totalling 48,000
rubles, as well as 60 outside workers. Evidently the latter are
also included among the “handicraftsmen,” concerning whom
we read that they often work for “buyers-up” and that there
are establishments having 60 workers.*** Of 29 felt
“factories” in Kostroma Gubernia, 28 are concentrated in
Kineshma Uyezd, and have 593 workers employed in the
establishments and 458 outside (List, pp. 68-70; two of
the enterprises have only outside workers. Steam-engines
already appear). From the Transactions of the Handicraft
Commission (XV) we learn that out of a total of 3,908
wool-carders and felt-makers in this gubernia, 2,008 are
concentrated in Kineshma Uyezd. The Kostroma felt-makers
are in greater part dependent or work for wages in extremely
insanitary workshops.**** In Kalyazin Uyezd, Tver Gubernia,
we find, on the one hand, that home work is done for
“factory owners” (List, 113), and, on the other, that precisely
this uyezd is a centre of “handicraft” felt-makers; as many as
3,000 of them come from this uyezd, passing through the
wasteland called “Zimnyak” (in the 60s it was the site of
Alexeyev’s cloth mill), and forming “an enormous labour
market of wool-carders and felt-makers.”(*) In Yaroslavl
Gubernia outside work for “factory owners is also done”
(List, 115) and there are “handicraftsmen” who work for
merchant proprietors, using the latter’s wool, etc.
3) T h e H a t - a n d - C a p a n d H e m p - a n d - R o p e T r a d e s
Above we gave statistics for the hat industry of Moscow
Gubernia.(**) They show that two-thirds of the total
output and of the total number of workers are concentrated
* Material for Evaluation of the Lands of Nizhni-Novgorod
Gubernia, Vol. XI, Nizhni-Novgorod, 1893, pp. 211-214.
** Transactions of the Handicraft Commission, VI.
*** Reports and Investigations, III.
**** Industries of Vladimir Gubernia, Vol. II.
(*) Industries of Vladimir Gubernia, Vol. II, p. 271.
(**) See Appendix I to Chapter V, Industry No. 27.