Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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38 V. I. LENIN kinds of raw material to their final preparation for consumption. Under commodity economy heterogeneous economic units come into being, the number of separate branches of economy increases, and the number of economic units performing one and the same economic function diminishes. It is this progressive growth in the social division of labour that is the chief factor in the process of creating a home market for capitalism. “. . .Where the basis is commodity production and its absolute form, capitalist production,” says Marx, “. . .products are commodities, or use-values, which have an exchange-value that is to be realised, to be converted into money, only in so far as other commodities form an equivalent for them, that is, other products confront them as commodities and values; thus, in so far as they are not produced as immediate means of subsistence for the producers themselves, but as commodities, as products which become use-values only by their transformation into exchangevalues (money), by their alienation. The market for these commodities develops through the social division of labour; the division of productive labours mutually transforms their respective products into commodities, into equivalents for each other, making them mutually serve as markets” (Das Kapital, III, 2, 177-178. Russ. trans., 526. 15 Our italics, as in all quotations, unless otherwise stated). It goes without saying that the above-mentioned separation of the manufacturing from the raw materials industry, of manufacture from agriculture, transforms agriculture itself into an industry, into a commodity-producing branch of economy. The process of specialisation that separates from each other the diverse varieties of the manufacture of products, creating an ever-growing number of branches of industry, also manifests itself in agriculture, creating specialised agricultural districts (and systems of farming)* and * For example, I. A. Stebut in his Principles of Crop Farming distinguishes farming systems according to the principal product marketed. There are three main farming systems: 1) crop growing (grain farming, as Mr. A. Skvortsov calls it); 2) livestock raising (the principal product marketed being livestock produce); and 3) industrial (technical farming, as Mr. A. Skvortsov calls it); the principal product marketed being agricultural produce that undergoes technical processing. See A. Skvortsov, The Influence of Steam Transport on Agriculture, Warsaw, 1890, p. 68 and foll.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA giving rise to exchange not only between the products of agriculture and industry but also between the various products of agriculture. This specialisation of commercial (and capitalist) agriculture manifests itself in all capitalist countries, in the international division of labour; this is true of post-Reform Russia as well, as we shall show in detail below. Thus, the social division of labour is the basis of the entire process of the development of commodity economy and of capitalism. It is quite natural, therefore, that our Narodnik theoreticians, who declare this process to be the result of artificial measures, the result of a “deviation from the path,” and so on and so forth, have tried to gloss over the fact of the social division of labour in Russia or to belittle its significance. Mr. V. V., in his article “Division of Agricultural and Industrial Labour in Russia” (Vestnik Yevropy [European Messenger], 1884, No. 7), “denied” “the dominance in Russia of the principle of the social division of labour” (p. 347), and declared that in this country the social division of labour “has not sprung from the depths of the people’s life, but has attempted to thrust itself into it from outside” (p. 338). Mr. N.—on, in his Sketches, argued as follows about the increase in the quantity of grain offered for sale: “This phenomenon might imply that the grain produced is more evenly distributed over the country, that the Archangel fisherman now consumes Samara grain, and that the Samara farmer supplements his dinner with Archangel fish. Actually, however, nothing of the kind is happening” (Sketches on Our Post-Reform Social Economy, St. Petersburg, 1893, p. 37). Without any data and contrary to generally known facts, the categorical assertion is bluntly made here that there is no social division of labour in Russia! The Narodnik theory of the “artificial character” of capitalism in Russia could only have been evolved by rejecting, or proclaiming as “artificial,” the very foundation of all commodity economy, namely, the social division of labour. 39
Page 5: W O R K E R S O F A L L C O U N T R
Page 8 and 9: ИНCTИTУT МАРKCИзМА —Л
Page 13: PUBLISHER’S NOTE The present Engl
Page 16 and 17: 10 CONTENTS V. The Views of Adam Sm
Page 18 and 19: 12 CONTENTS workers and peasants 16
Page 20 and 21: 14 CONTENTS 1) Distilling . . . . .
Page 22 and 23: 16 CONTENTS 8) The Metal Trades. Th
Page 24 and 25: 18 CONTENTS II. The Growth of the C
Page 27: Written in 1896-99. First printed i
Page 32 and 33: 26 V. I. LENIN indicated the topic
Page 34: 28 V. I. LENIN as the Germans say (
Page 38 and 39: 32 V. I. LENIN as the phenomenon ex
Page 40: 34 V. I. LENIN according to the fir
Page 46 and 47: 40 V. I. LENIN II. THE GROWTH OF TH
Page 48 and 49: 42 V. I. LENIN fact of the ruin of
Page 50 and 51: 44 V. I. LENIN capitalist developme
Page 52 and 53: 46 V. I. LENIN or the role of the f
Page 54 and 55: 48 V. I. LENIN total of commodities
Page 56 and 57: 50 V. I. LENIN the country’s tota
Page 58 and 59: 52 V. I. LENIN controversies over t
Page 60 and 61: 54 V. I. LENIN Narodnik economists
Page 62 and 63: 56 V. I. LENIN of consumption, but
Page 64 and 65: 58 V. I. LENIN (III, 2, 21. Russ. t
Page 66 and 67: 60 V. I. LENIN brings our Narodniks
Page 68 and 69: 62 V. I. LENIN of this subject a si
Page 70 and 71: 64 V. I. LENIN gross income. But ev
Page 72 and 73: 66 V. I. LENIN reproduction of soci
Page 74 and 75: 68 V. I. LENIN from simple commodit
Page 76 and 77: 70 C H A P T E R II THE DIFFERENTIA
Page 78 and 79: 72 V. I. LENIN Mr. Postnikov employ
Page 80 and 81: 74 V. I. LENIN Thus the well-to-do
Page 82 and 83: 76 V. I. LENIN and reduction of the
Page 84 and 85: 78 Groups of households V. I. LENIN
Page 86 and 87: 80 V. I. LENIN the peasant bourgeoi
Page 88 and 89: 82 V. I. LENIN statistical returns.
Page 90 and 91: 84 V. I. LENIN No. of Dess. per ren
Page 92 and 93: 86 V. I. LENIN of the Germans and t
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88 V. I. LENIN . . . plough it agai
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90 V. I. LENIN we get the following
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92 V. I. LENIN to the complete adap
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94 V. I. LENIN Thus, here again we
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96 V. I. LENIN household returns on
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98 V. I. LENIN prevents the underst
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100 V. I. LENIN the distribution of
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102 V. I. LENIN Hence, we see every
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104 V. I. LENIN tov statisticians d
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106 V. I. LENIN IV. ZEMSTVO STATIST
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108 V. I. LENIN Let us pass to the
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110 V. I. LENIN between the groups
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112 V. I. LENIN We see also how pro
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114 V. I. LENIN especially of allot
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116 V. I. LENIN families, combining
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118 V. I. LENIN see what sort of in
Page 126 and 127:
120 V. I. LENIN Here too, consequen
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122 V. I. LENIN average rye yield g
Page 130 and 131:
124 V. I. LENIN Gubernias there is
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126 V. I. LENIN Comment is superflu
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128 V. I. LENIN so, we have to spli
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
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ING TABLES A & B E Z D S O R G R O
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Groups buildings THE DEVELOPMENT OF
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Groups Rye flour (meras) THE DEVELO
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192 V. I. LENIN labour was separate
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194 V. I. LENIN immediately after t
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196 V. I. LENIN tion not only of al
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198 V. I. LENIN Having established
Page 218 and 219:
200 V. I. LENIN corvée economy,* a
Page 220 and 221:
202 V. I. LENIN a direct comparison
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204 V. I. LENIN has undertaken to d
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206 V. I. LENIN fulfilment of which
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208 V. I. LENIN unsuitable for the
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210 V. I. LENIN out the gubernia. .
Page 230 and 231:
212 V. I. LENIN between landlord an
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214 V. I. LENIN “Only then is acc
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216 V. I. LENIN very outset, along
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218 V. I. LENIN aspects of agricult
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220 V. I. LENIN imports of agricult
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222 V. I. LENIN but also “handicr
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224 V. I. LENIN drawn up at a lando
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226 V. I. LENIN published by the Ps
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228 V. I. LENIN According to the re
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230 V. I. LENIN service by capitali
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232 V. I. LENIN to 70 workers, of w
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234 V. I. LENIN themselves without
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236 V. I. LENIN measures that devel
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238 V. I. LENIN migrate embraces Be
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240 V. I. LENIN existence of such a
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242 V. I. LENIN some one and a half
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244 V. I. LENIN North Caucasus, of
Page 264 and 265:
246 V. I. LENIN “don’t know day
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248 V. I. LENIN precarious its exis
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250 V. I. LENIN “rowdy habits,”
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252 C H A P T E R IV THE GROWTH OF
Page 272 and 273:
254 V. I. LENIN noteworthy is the f
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256 V. I. LENIN But before examinin
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258 V. I. LENIN have quickly increa
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260 V. I. LENIN 39.5% seasonal, and
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262 V. I. LENIN produce of this sor
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264 V. I. LENIN This table clearly
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266 V. I. LENIN 240,000 rubles in 1
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268 V. I. LENIN add here that the a
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270 V. I. LENIN but generic (res fu
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272 V. I. LENIN material for judgin
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274 V. I. LENIN a ruinously cheap p
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276 Groups of households V. I. LENI
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278 V. I. LENIN more profitable, bu
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280 V. I. LENIN in Three Volosts of
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282 V. I. LENIN farming and the det
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284 V. I. LENIN has assumed the cle
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286 V. I. LENIN operated).* “Toda
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288 V. I. LENIN industry of capital
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290 V. I. LENIN etc.* The area of t
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292 V. I. LENIN 1860-1864 was 4.1 m
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294 V. I. LENIN supports the opinio
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296 V. I. LENIN estimated at 130, e
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298 V. I. LENIN autumn (“from end
Page 318 and 319:
300 V. I. LENIN Survey, Vol. II,
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302 V. I. LENIN Almost half the are
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304 V. I. LENIN VIII. INDUSTRIAL VE
Page 324 and 325:
306 V. I. LENIN The peasant vegetab
Page 326 and 327:
308 V. I. LENIN (1897, No. 16) on
Page 328 and 329:
310 V. I. LENIN mation effected in
Page 330 and 331:
312 V. I. LENIN different areas, bu
Page 332 and 333:
314 V. I. LENIN Secondly, agricultu
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316 V. I. LENIN community by the di
Page 336 and 337:
318 V. I. LENIN we do not in the le
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320 V. I. LENIN of the soil, etc.*
Page 340 and 341:
322 V. I. LENIN discusses the diffe
Page 342 and 343:
324 V. I. LENIN how divergent their
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326 V. I. LENIN especially emphasis
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328 V. I. LENIN proposition of the
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330 V. I. LENIN capitalism: fortuna
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332 V. I. LENIN of articles to the
Page 352 and 353:
334 V. I. LENIN labour does not app
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336 V. I. LENIN definite circle of
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338 V. I. LENIN III. THE GROWTH OF
Page 358 and 359:
340 V. I. LENIN we note the growth
Page 360 and 361:
342 V. I. LENIN Similarly, the Perm
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344 V. I. LENIN a peasant bourgeois
Page 364 and 365:
346 V. I. LENIN resort to the hire
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348 V. I. LENIN Let us now examine
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Percentages CHART OF SUMMARIZED DAT
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352 V. I. LENIN ing majority of the
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354 V. I. LENIN establishments in 7
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356 V. I. LENIN V. CAPITALIST SIMPL
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358 V. I. LENIN take it easy somewh
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360 V. I. LENIN there; it is necess
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362 V. I. LENIN and those of petty
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364 V. I. LENIN I suggested that th
Page 384 and 385:
366 V. I. LENIN bigger tradeswomen.
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368 V. I. LENIN chant’s capital i
Page 388 and 389:
370 V. I. LENIN prosperous peasants
Page 390 and 391:
372 V. I. LENIN that is why their f
Page 392 and 393:
374 V. I. LENIN workers; workroom o
Page 394 and 395:
376 V. I. LENIN namely, that even t
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378 V. I. LENIN it is not the profi
Page 398 and 399:
380 V. I. LENIN and one of the most
Page 400 and 401:
382 V. I. LENIN a similar kind: som
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384 C H A P T E R VI CAPITALIST MAN
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386 V. I. LENIN production, regardi
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388 V. I. LENIN Let us illustrate t
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390 V. I. LENIN whole business is r
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392 V. I. LENIN in boots, hats, soc
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394 V. I. LENIN in 18 establishment
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396 V. I. LENIN for nearly 200 year
Page 416 and 417:
398 V. I. LENIN on the job extensiv
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400 V. I. LENIN diverting the popul
Page 420 and 421:
402 V. I. LENIN decisive advantage
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404 V. I. LENIN erable commercial a
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406 V. I. LENIN of Viyezdnaya Slobo
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408 V. I. LENIN far back as the fir
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410 V. I. LENIN The industry is a v
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412 V. I. LENIN the workers, he lec
Page 432 and 433:
414 V. I. LENIN that despite the en
Page 434 and 435:
416 V. I. LENIN Turning to the econ
Page 436 and 437:
418 V. I. LENIN least surprising if
Page 438 and 439:
420 V. I. LENIN People have to work
Page 440 and 441:
422 V. I. LENIN 10) T h e J e w e l
Page 442 and 443:
424 V. I. LENIN predominates,” an
Page 444 and 445:
426 V. I. LENIN a fraction of capit
Page 446 and 447:
428 V. I. LENIN personal dependence
Page 448 and 449:
430 V. I. LENIN in the post-Reform
Page 450 and 451:
432 V. I. LENIN veniences of commun
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434 V. I. LENIN the West the manufa
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436 V. I. LENIN on the other hand,
Page 456 and 457:
438 V. I. LENIN friends in misfortu
Page 458 and 459:
440 V. I. LENIN special sorts of pr
Page 460 and 461:
442 V. I. LENIN period, however, of
Page 462 and 463:
444 V. I. LENIN the average daily e
Page 464 and 465:
446 V. I. LENIN application of capi
Page 466 and 467:
448 V. I. LENIN we described in Cha
Page 468 and 469:
450 V. I. LENIN the organisation of
Page 470 and 471:
452 V. I. LENIN taken over quite un
Page 472 and 473:
454 C H A P T E R VII THE DEVELOPME
Page 474 and 475:
456 V. I. LENIN This, largely negat
Page 476 and 477:
458 V. I. LENIN of this obvious exa
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460 V. I. LENIN the data of the Mil
Page 480 and 481:
462 V. I. LENIN establishments with
Page 482 and 483:
464 V. I. LENIN comparable with oth
Page 484 and 485:
466 V. I. LENIN Let us observe, inc
Page 486 and 487:
468 V. I. LENIN data for establishm
Page 488 and 489:
470 V. I. LENIN (Moscow, Grodno, Li
Page 490 and 491:
472 V. I. LENIN together with facto
Page 492 and 493:
474 V. I. LENIN 1890, and of spindl
Page 494 and 495:
476 V. I. LENIN The tallow trade ha
Page 496 and 497:
478 V. I. LENIN 840 workers and an
Page 498 and 499:
480 V. I. LENIN 5,605 and 5,201* (C
Page 500 and 501:
482 V. I. LENIN believes every figu
Page 502 and 503:
484 V. I. LENIN 1. The number of fa
Page 504 and 505:
486 V. I. LENIN countries, where la
Page 506 and 507:
488 V. I. LENIN with the aid of woo
Page 508 and 509:
490 V. I. LENIN see that the develo
Page 510 and 511:
492 V. I. LENIN enormous developmen
Page 512 and 513:
494 V. I. LENIN of 480,800, i.e., l
Page 514 and 515:
496 V. I. LENIN increases. Every ne
Page 516 and 517:
498 V. I. LENIN there were in the s
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500 V. I. LENIN the proportion of
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502 V. I. LENIN Inde- MembersTotal
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504 V. I. LENIN the best of years j
Page 524 and 525:
506 V. I. LENIN We have no doubt th
Page 526 and 527:
508 Steamboilers V. I. LENIN Number
Page 528 and 529:
510 Largest factories in European R
Page 530:
512 V. I. LENIN increase. But if we
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516 V. I. LENIN In the mining indus
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518 V. I. LENIN Directory for 1879
Page 538 and 539:
520 V. I. LENIN The second type of
Page 540 and 541:
522 Leading centres of factory indu
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524 V. I. LENIN receives a tremendo
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526 V. I. LENIN productive consumpt
Page 546 and 547:
528 V. I. LENIN Regarding Tikhvin U
Page 548 and 549:
530 V. I. LENIN production. In a wo
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532 V. I. LENIN 300 to 500 carpente
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534 V. I. LENIN X. THE APPENDAGE TO
Page 554 and 555:
536 V. I. LENIN example, ready-made
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538 V. I. LENIN F a c t o r i e s a
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540 V. I. LENIN is provided by the
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542 V. I. LENIN growing with enormo
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544 V. I. LENIN In manufacture we s
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546 V. I. LENIN Under manufacture t
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548 V. I. LENIN The settled charact
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550 V. I. LENIN creation of mobilit
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552 C H A P T E R VIII THE FORMATIO
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554 V. I. LENIN The amount of freig
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556 V. I. LENIN The latest statisti
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558 Population of European No. of t
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562 V. I. LENIN 2) T h e S i g n i
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564 Population (thousands) Urban %
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566 V. I. LENIN 3) T h e G r o w t
Page 586 and 587:
568 V. I. LENIN of urban and non-ur
Page 588 and 589:
570 V. I. LENIN Percentage distribu
Page 590 and 591:
572 V. I. LENIN identity cards were
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574 V. I. LENIN permits) into group
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576 V. I. LENIN from 2.1 million ru
Page 596 and 597:
578 V. I. LENIN youth are so eager
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580 V. I. LENIN very disadvantageou
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582 V. I. LENIN that the bottom gro
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584 V. I. LENIN that capitalism is
Page 604 and 605:
586 V. I. LENIN Therefore, only by
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588 Average wages for 10 years (188
Page 608 and 609:
590 V. I. LENIN has been said above
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592 V. I. LENIN well developed capi
Page 612 and 613:
594 V. I. LENIN sian market. Russia
Page 614 and 615:
596 V. I. LENIN preneurs naturally
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598 V. I. LENIN laws of the realisa
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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No. of industry Name of industry To
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
Page 624 and 625:
602 V. I. LENIN FROM MARX TO MAO
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604 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
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606 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
Page 630 and 631:
Total for enumerated 103 centres .
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611 “Jove is wrathful” . . . .
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 613 dispose of
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 615 consumed i
Page 639 and 640:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 617 see that t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 619 of divisio
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 621 not even t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 623 payments w
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 625 developmen
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 627 Finally, t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 629 which not
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 631 Marxism in
Page 655:
N O T E S
Page 658 and 659:
636 NOTES Lenin’s sister, A. I. U
Page 660 and 661:
638 NOTES 4 5 6 part of The Develop
Page 662 and 663:
640 NOTES 9 10 11 exorbitant price.
Page 664 and 665:
642 NOTES 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
Page 666 and 667:
644 NOTES 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 i
Page 668 and 669:
646 NOTES 56 57 58 59 60 Handicraft
Page 670 and 671:
648 NOTES 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 8
Page 672 and 673:
650 NOTES 88 89 90 91 92 93 Russkay
Page 674 and 675:
652 NOTES 105 106 107 108 109 110 1
Page 676 and 677:
654 NOTES 132 133 134 135 136 137 1
Page 678 and 679:
656 NOTES 151 152 153 154 155 156 1
Page 680:
658 NOTES 170 171 172 173 174 175 1
show all

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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