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also borrowed numerous (particularly) Slavish loanwords.(18). The Rumanian language is
divided into some subdialects. Moreover, one should recollect also the Arumanian, Megleno-
Rumanian and Istro-Rumanian.(19). The main Balkan phenomena of Rumanian are: The
presence of the vowels Ј and о (see IV/14), the coincidence of the genitive and dative case
forms, the postposition of the definite article, the future formation with “will”, the partial
replacing of the infinitive etc.(20).
The Balkan Slavish Languages
They are Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian. The last one is less balkanized. All of
them have developed in the Balkan Peninsula after the VI-VII centuries.(21).
Bulgarian. - It is spoken in Bulgaria as well as by Bulgarian minorities in Grece etc. Its name
derives from the ethnonym of the Turkish-Tatarian tribe of Bulgars.(22). It is attested since the
second half of the ninth century. Its history is generally divided into three periods.(23). It has
lost the nominal declension, but has developed the definite ~ indefinite opposition and a rich
system of verbal froms, including the “mood of indirect narration”. It is characterized also by a
system of 28 phonemes and by a free accent. In Bulgarian the sentencs cannot begin with an
unstressed word. (24). Bulgarian is divided into two principal (eastern and western) dialects. Its
main Balkan phenomena are: The presence of the vowel (∂), the postposition of the definite
article, the future formation with “will”, the redoubling of the objects, the replacing of the
infinitive etc. (25).
Macedonian. - It is spoken in the Republic of Macedonia as well as by a minority in Greece etc.
It was formerly considered as a dialect of Bulgarian, but particularly after the Second World
War it has been treated as a separate language.(26). The standard Macedonian is characterized
by a system of 31 phonemes and by a rather fixed accent, that should fall upon the antepenultimate
syllable. It has developed the analytic perfect with the auxiliary “have”. It is also
characterized by a system of three kinds of definite articles.(27). The main Balkan phenomena
of Macedonian are the same as in Bulgarian (see & 25) with the exception of the vowel ∂.(28).
Serbo-Croatian. - It is spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia-Hertzegovina, Montenegro etc. The
ethnonyms Serbian and Croatian are relatively early attested. They have undergone different
influences and belong to two different churches, Orthodox and Catholic, respectively. The first
written attestations in Serbo-Croatian date from the X century. Standard Serbo-Croatian has
been established in the XIX century.(29). It is charactarized by a system of 30 phonemes and by
a rather freee accent. The sentence cannot begin with an unstressed word. It is divided into three
main dialects. (30). The Balkan phenomena of Serbo-Croatian are limited. One should mention
here the future formation with “will” and the partial replacing of the infinitive.(31).
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