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KONSTITUSIONALISME AGRARIA

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semua alat produksi, termasuk sumber-sumber agraria dimiliki oleh<br />

negara (Asshiddiqie, 2010:281). Namun setelah berubah menjadi<br />

Republik Federasi Rusia, konstitusi baru yang dibuat tahun 1993 tidak<br />

lagi mengatur tentang kepemilikan negara atas agraria.<br />

Berbeda dengan Uni Soviet-Rusia, Konstitusi Vietnam 2001<br />

yang telah mengalami liberalisasi yang mendasar tetap menatur<br />

prinsip penguasaan negara di dalam konstitusinya sebagaimana<br />

dalam Pasal 17:<br />

“The land, forests, rivers and lakes, water supplies, wealth lying<br />

underground or coming from the sea, the continental shelf and the<br />

air, the funds and property invested by the State in enterprises and<br />

works in all branches and fields - the economy, culture, society, science,<br />

technology, external relations, national defence, security - and all other<br />

property determined by law as belonging to the State, come under<br />

ownership by the entire people.”<br />

Sementara itu, Konstitusi Filipina 1987 juga mengatur<br />

hubungan antara negara dengan agraria sebagaimana dinyatakan<br />

dalam Article XII, section 2:<br />

All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and<br />

other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or<br />

timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned<br />

by the State. With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural<br />

resources shall not be alienated. The exploration, development, and<br />

utilization of natural resources shall be under the full control and<br />

supervision of the State…”<br />

Selain mengatur hubungan penguasaan/pemilikan negara<br />

atas tanah dan sumber daya alam lainnya, konstitusi Filipina juga<br />

mengatur pengakuan tentang hak-hak masyarakat adat (indigenous<br />

peoples) seperti dalam Article II section 22 dan Article XII section 5<br />

Konstitusi Filipina yang berbunyi:<br />

“Article II Section 22: The State recognizes and promotes the rights of<br />

indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national<br />

unity and development<br />

Wacana Konstitusi Agraria 13

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