AMMONIUM SULFATE CAS NÂ°: 7783-20-2

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OECD SIDS AMMONIUM SULFATE 4 HAZARDS TO THE ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Aquatic Effects The toxicity of ammonia to aquatic organisms is highly dependent on physicochemical factors, most notably pH. The acute toxicity of ammonia is also influenced to a lesser degree by temperature, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, and salinity. It is the un-ionized ammonia which is generally considered to be the primary cause of toxicity in aquatic systems. Un-ionized ammonia is more toxic to aquatic organisms than the ammonium ion because the un-ionized form is readily soluble in the lipid of the cell membrane and is rapidly absorbed by the gill. In contrast, the charged ion is not easily passed through the charged-line hydrophobic space in the membrane. Under most environmental conditions, the un-ionized ammonia concentration is the primary driver of toxicity. Acute Toxicity Test Results Acute toxicity to fish Valid tests which are suitable for determining acute toxicity to fish are available for fresh water fish species, one estuarine species, and marine species. An overview is shown in Table 3. Results for pre-adult life stages are available for four of the freshwater species, and for the marine species. All results in Table 3 are expressed in terms of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 concentrations, though in most papers the results are explained, and in some cases concentrations are reported, in terms of ammonia (NH 3 ) toxicity. In all cases in which pH, temperature, and ionic strength are reported, the results are consistent with ammonia being the cause of toxicity, with increasing ratios of unionised ammonia to total ammonium with higher ambient pH and temperature. For freshwater species, the lowest LC 50 (96 h) value of ca. 173 mg/l is observed for juvenile Salmo gairdneri in a flow through test carried out at 12.4 to 12.5 °C (Thurston and Russo, 1983). A lower LC 50 value (10 days) of 27 mg/l is observed for one or two day post hatch larvae of the warm water marine species Sciaenops ocellatus, at temperatures of 25 to 26 °C and an ambient pH of 8.0 to 8.2, also in a flow through test (Holt and Arnold, 1983). Also, a substantial reduction in egg hatching success after 24 h of exposure is seen in 2250 mg/l (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , but no effect on hatching success is seen at 450 mg/l (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . An EC 50 was not reported. 28 UNEP PUBLICATIONS
OECD SIDS AMMONIUM SULFATE Table 3 Acute LC 50 values for fish exposed to ammonium sulfate Species Habitat/ Type Exposure Time LC 50 (mg/l) Temp / pH Reference (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Leuciscus idus Brachydanio rerio Brachydanio rerio Brachydanio rerio Freshwater static Freshwater Flow through Freshwater Semi-static Freshwater Semi- static Pimephales promelas Freshwater static Salmo gairdneri Lebistes reticulatus Albumus alburnus Agonus cataphractus Pimephales promelas (fresh water) Pimephales promelas (fresh water) Sciaenops ocellatus (larvae) Sciaenops ocellatus (egg hatching) Freshwater Flow-through Freshwater Semi-static Estuary static Seawater static 96 h 681 (geom. mean) 7.3-7.6 BASF AG, 1989a 96 h 480 23.5 °C Larsson and Lindén, 1978 96 h 420 23.5 °C Larsson and Lindén, 1978 96 h 250 ILV, 1978; Sörensen and Landner, 1978 96 h > 100 6.5 to 8.5 Ewell et al., 1986 96 h ca. 173 12.4 – 12.5 °C 7.9 96 h 592 18.5 – 23.5 °C 8.1 - 8.4 Thurston and Russo, 1983 Chouhan and Pandey, 1987 96 h 310 7.8 Lindén et al., 1979 96 h 210 (09/77) 200 (12/77) 130 (06/78) Flow through 10 days Length and weight of young fish: NOEC = 300 LOEC = 531 Flow through 10 days Length and weight of young fish: NOEC = 603 LOEC= 1021 marine Flow-through marine static 15 °C 6.0 – 8.0 20 ± 1°C 7.3 20 ± 1 °C 7.2 10 days 27 25 – 26 °C 8.0 – 8.2 24 h NOEC = 450 LOEC = 2250 25 or 26°C 8.0 - 8.2 Franklin, 1980 Nebeker and Schuytema, 2000 Nebeker and Schuytema, 2000 Holt and Arnold, 1983 Holt and Arnold, 1983 Acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates Valid tests which are suitable for determining acute toxicity to invertebrates are available for fresh water species and marine species. An overview is shown in Table 4. All results in Table 4 are expressed in terms of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 concentrations. UNEP PUBLICATIONS 29
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AMMONIUM SULFATE CAS NÂ°: 7783-20-2

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