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A FRAMEWORK FOR PLANNING RESEARCH 85
Box 3.2
continued
Model Purposes Foci Key terms Characteristics
Action
Everyday practices
Context-specific
research
To plan, implement,
review and evaluate
an intervention
designed to improve
practice/solve local
problem
To empower
participants through
research involvement
and ideology critique
Outcomes of
interventions
Participant
empowerment
Action
Improvement
Reflection
Monitoring
Evaluation
Intervention
Problem-solving
Empowering
Planning
Reviewing
Participants as
researchers
Reflection on practice
Interventionist – leading
to solution of ‘real’
problems and meeting
‘real’ needs
Chapter 3
To develop reflective
practice
Empowering for
participants
To promote equality
democracy
To link practice and
research
To promote
collaborative research
Reflective practice
Social democracy and
equality
Decision-making
Collaborative
Promoting praxis and
equality
Stakeholder research
Case study
To portray, analyse
and interpret the
uniqueness of real
individuals and
situations through
accessible accounts
To catch the
complexity and
situatedness of
behaviour
To contribute to
action and
intervention
To present and
represent reality – to
give a sense of ‘being
there’
Individuals and local
situations
Unique instances
Asinglecase
Bounded phenomena
and systems:
individual
group
roles
organizations
community
Individuality, uniqueness
In-depth analysis and
portrayal
Interpretive and
inferential analysis
Subjective
Descriptive
Analytical
Understanding specific
situations
Sincerity
Complexity
Particularity
In-depth, detailed data
from wide data source
Participant and
non-participant
observation
Non-interventionist
Empathic
Holistic treatment of
phenomena
What can be learned
from the particular case
continued