RESEARCH METHOD COHEN ok

NOTES 597
is widespread, indeed the Cochrane Collaboration
is a pioneer in this field, focusing on meta-analyses
of randomized controlled trials (see Maynard and
Chalmers 1997).
15 QUESTIONNAIRES
1 This is the approach used inBelbin’s (1981)
celebrated work on the types of personalities in
a management team.
16 INTERVIEWS
1 Examples of interviews in educational research include
the following: Ferris, J. and Gerber, R. (1996)
Mature-age students’ feelings of enjoying learning
in a further education context. European Journal of
Psychology of Education, 11(1),79–96;Carroll,S.
and Walford, G. (1997) Parents’ responses to the
school quasi-market. Research Papers in Education,12
(1), 3–26; Cullen, K. (1997) Headteacher appraisal:
aviewfromtheinside.Research Papers in Education,
12(2),177–204;Cicognani,C.(1998)Parents’
educational styles and adolescent autonomy.
European Journal of Psychology of Education, 13(4),
485–502; Van Etten, S., Pressley, M., Freebern, G.
and Echevarria, M. (1998) An interview study of college
freshmen’s beliefs about their academic motivation.
European Journal of Psychology of Education, 13
(1), 105–30; Robinson, P. and Smithers, A. (1999)
Should the sexes be separated for secondary education
– comparisons of single-sex and co-educational
schools Research Papers in Education,14(1),23–49.
17 ACCOUNTS
1 For an example of concept mapping in educational
research see Lawless, L., Smee, P. and O’Shea, T.
(1998) Using concept sorting and concept
mapping in business and public administration, and
education: an overview. Educational Research,40(2),
219–35.
2 For further examples of discourse analysis,
see Ramsden, C. and Reason, D. (1997) Conversation
– discourse analysis in library and information
services. Education for Information, 15 (4),
283–95; Butzkamm, W. (1998) Code-switching in
a bilingual history lesson: the mother tongue as
aconversationallubricant.Bilingual Education and
Bilingualism, 1 (2), 81–99; Mercer, N., Wegerif, R.
and Dawes, L. (1999) Children’s talk and the development
of reasoning in the classroom. British
Educational Research Journal,25(1),95–111.
3 Cohen,L. (1993) Racism Awareness Materials in
Initial Teacher Training. ReporttotheLeverhulme
Trust, 11–19 New Fetter Lane, London, EC4A
1NR. The video scenarios are part of an inquiry
into pupils’ perceptions of the behaviour of
white teachers towards minority pupils in school.
See Naylor, P. (1995) Adolescents’ perceptions of
teacher racism. Unpublished PhD dissertation,
Loughborough University of Technology.
18 OBSERVATION
1 For an example of time-sampling, seeChilds, G.
(1997) A concurrent validity study of teachers’
ratings for nominated ‘problem’ children. British
Journal of Educational Psychology,67,457–74.
2 For an example of critical incidents, see Tripp, D.
(1994) Teachers’ lives, critical incidents and professional
practice. International Journal of Qualitative
Studies in Education,7(1),65–72.
3 For an example of an observational study,
see Sideris, G. (1998) Direct classroom observation.
Research in Education,59,19–28.
20 PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS
1 See also the following applications of personal construct
theory to research on teachers and teacher
groups: Shapiro, B. L. (1990) A collaborative approach
to help novice science teachers reflect on
changes in their construction of the role of the
science teacher. Alberta Journal of Educational Research,
36(3),203–22;Cole,A.L.(1991)Personal
theories of teaching: development in the formative
years. Alberta Journal of Educational Research,
37 (2), 119–32; Corporal, A. H. (1991) Repertory
grid research into cognitions of prospective primary
school teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education,
36, 315–29;Lehrer,R. and Franke,M. L.
(1992) Applying personal construct psychology to
the study of teachers’ knowledge of fractions. Journal
for Research in Mathematical Education, 23(3),
223–41; Shaw, E. L. (1992) The influence of methods
instruction on the beliefs of preservice elementary
and secondary science teachers: preliminary
comparative analyses. School Science and Mathematics,
92,14–22.
2 Foranexampleofpersonalconstructsineducational
research, see Morris, P. (1983) Teachers’ perceptions
of their pupils: a Hong Kong case study.
Research in Education, 29, 81–6;Derry,S. J. and
Potts, M. K. (1998) How tutors model students:
astudyofpersonalconstructsinadaptivetutoring.
American Educational Research Journal, 35(1),
65–99.
21 ROLE-PLAYING
1 For an account of a wide range of roleplay
applications in psychotherapy, see Holmes, P.
Notes