RESEARCH METHOD COHEN ok

636 INDEX
Mann-Whitney U-test 527, 552–4, 592
Marxism 27, 39
matched pairs design in experiments 279–80
matrix planning 87–93, 95
Mead, G.H. 24
Mean 503, 592
McNiff, J. 305, 308
median scores 503, 592
meta-analysis 291–6
Milgram, S. and role-playing 53, 67, 451–2
modal scores 503, 592
multidimensional measurement 559–92 see also cluster
analysis; elementary linkage analysis
multidimensional scaling 576–80
multilevel modelling 583–4
multi-phase sampling see sampling, kinds of
multiple choice questions see questions, multiple choice
multiple regression 539–42, 588, 592
narrative 198–9
naturalistic research 19, 134, 136–7, 167–90;
characteristics of 167–71; data analysis in 184–6;
data collection in 181–4, 258–60; ethics in 174–5;
interviews in 182; observation in 404–8; planning of
173–87; problems in 189–90; sampling in 175–8 see
also ethnographic methods
negotiation 24
network analysis 388–9
Nominal Group Technique 309
nominal scale 502, 586–90
nominalism 9
nomothetic approach to human behaviour 9–11, 168
non-directive interview see interviews
non-maleficence 58–61, 66, 72, 75, 174 see also ethics
non-parametric data 503, 589
non-parametric tests 589, 590
non-participant observation 258–60, 397–403
non-probability sampling see sampling, kinds of
normative paradigm 21–2, 47
norm-referenced tests see tests
NUD.IST 488
null hypothesis 83, 515, 526
N-vivo 488
objectivity 11, 18
observation 169–70, 394, 396–413; critical incidents
404; duration of 402–3; ethics of 408–10; kinds of
179; naturalistic 169, 258–60, 404–8; reliability and
validity in 158–9, 412–3; structured 397–403 see also
accounts; case studies; covert research; field notes;
non-participant observation; participant observation
one-tailed tests 504
ontology 5, 7
open-ended interviews see interviews
opportunity sampling see sampling, kinds of
ordinal scale 502, 586–90
organizational culture 95–8
ownership of research 175
panel studies 211–12, 213–18, 219–21
parametric data 503, 589, 591
parametric designs in experiments 281
parametric tests 589
parsimony, principle of 11
participant observation 54, 69, 171, 179, 258–60,
404–8 see also case studies, covert research,
ethnographic methods
participatory research 34 see also collaborative action
research
Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient 528,
529, 530–3, 587, 592
Percentages 506–15, 529–30
Permission 54, 55–6 see also ethics
personal constructs 435–47; characteristics of 435–6;
elicited and provided 436–7; examples of 443–5; grid
analysis of 439–43, 446–7; laddering 439; procedures
for 437–8; pyramid constructions in 439; repertory
grids 440–5
phenomenology 22–5, 167–71 see also definition of the
situation; ethnographic methods; interpretive
paradigm; naturalistic research
piloting 341–2
planning educational research 78–99
policy-making and research 46–7
politics 30, 44, 46–7, 126
population see sampling
positivism 7–11, 17–19, 21, 33, 35, 37, 47, 136, 143,
482
postal questionnaire 345–6, 347
post-test 272–3, 276–9, 282–4, 287, 432
power 26–9, 35, 38, 39, 43, 46, 120, 127–30, 151–2
power of a test 522
powerful people 127–30, 151–2, 154
practical interest 27 see also hermeneutic interest
prediction 27
predictive validity see validity, kinds of
pre-test 272–3, 276–9, 282–4, 287, 432
primary source of data 193–4
principal components analysis see factor analysis
privacy 61, 63–4, 65–6, 71, 72, 73, 120, 125 see also
ethics
probability sampling see sampling, kinds of
progressive focussing 184
purposive sampling see sampling, kinds of
QSR 488
qualitative data analysis 461–500; content analysis in
470–3; examples of 462–6; grounded theory in
491–5; introduction to 461–2; presenting data in
467–72; systematic approaches to 468–72; tabulating
data in 462–6