RESEARCH METHOD COHEN ok

634 INDEX
content validity see validity, kinds of
contingency tables see crosstabulations
continuous variable 528
convenience sampling see sampling, kinds of
convergent validity see validity, kinds of
Cooley, J. 172
correlational studies 102
core variables 494
correlation 516–19, 528–9, 530–3; co-efficients
534–6; explained 51; interpretation of 535–6; see
also curvilinearity; effect size; Pearson product
moment correlation; Spearman
rank-order correlation; statistical significance; Type I
errors; Type II errors
cost/benefits ratio 51–2, 58, 63, 67, 126
covering letters 339–41
covert research 53, 68, 73, 124–5, 174–5, 180, 408–10
criterion-referenced tests see tests, kinds of
criterion-related validity see validity, kinds of
critical educational research 26–33
critical ethnography 187–9
critical pedagogy 32
critical theory 18, 26–33, 35, 139
Cronbach’s alpha 148, 162, 506
cross sectional studies 213
CROSSTABS 488
crosstabulations 508–15
cultural validity see validity, kinds of
curriculum research 30–2
curvilinearity 533–4
data analysis 86–7, 91–2, 184–6, 459–592; in accounts
200; in observation 258–62; in qualitative research
184–6, 462–500; in quantitative research 501–592
data collection, 80, 181–4; in ethnographic methods
181–4; 261–2; in historical research 193–4
data reporting see reporting
Data Protection Act 72
deception 66–9, 72, 450–2 see also ethics
deduction 6
‘definition of the situation’ 21, 24, 168, 189, 500
degrees of freedom 527–8
Delphi techniques 309–10
dependability of data 158
dependent variable 156, 265–6, 269, 272–3, 504–5
descriptive statistics 503–4
descriptive validity see validity, kinds of
determinism 8, 11, 33
diagnostic tests see tests
dichotomous questions 322–3
difference testing 523–8 542–58
discourse analysis 86, 389–92 see also speech acts
distribution of sample means 106–7
documentary research 171, 183, 191–204
domain analysis 184
domain referencing 162 see also tests
duration recording 402–3
ecological validity see validity, kinds of
effect size 520–5
eigenvalues 563
elementary linkage analysis 559–60, 588
emancipation 29, 38, 140, 302–4, 305
emancipatory interest 27–8, 32
emic approaches 169
empiricism 11
empowerment 29, 36, 139, 302–4
episodes 391
epistemology 5, 7, 31, 47, 169
equality 32, 35, 36, 38, 71
errors, see Type I; Type II
eta 522–3
ethical codes 53, 57, 59, 70, 71–4, 76–7
ethics 39, 51–77, 98, 231; in evaluative research 51,
70–1; in experiments 273–4; in interviews 382–3; in
observation 408–10; in questionnaires 317–18; in
role play 450–2; in sensitive research 120, 124–7; in
testing 432–3 see also covert research
ETHNOGRAPH 488
ethnographic methods 39, 55, 78, 84, 135–6, 167–90,
384; characteristics of 167–71; critical 187–9; ethics
in 174–5; planning 173–87; problems in 189–90;
sampling in 175–8 see also naturalistic research
ethnomethodology 22–6
ethogenic method 20, 384–5, 392–4
etic approaches 169
evaluating web sites 245
evaluative research 41–6, 70–1
evaluative validity see validity, kinds of
event-history analysis 224–5
event sampling 400–1
evidence-based research 290–6 see also Cochrane
Collaboration; randomizedcontrolledtrials
existential phenomenology 17
experience-sampling method 177
experiments and quasi-experiments 33, 84, 272–96,
521; and ex post facto research 264–71, 272; conduct
of 286–7; designs of 269–71, 272–90; examples of
284–6, 287–90; internet-based 239–41;
quasi-experiments 282–6; reliability and validity in
155–7; single-case research 284–6; true 275–82,
289–90 see also Cochrane Collaboration;
meta-analysis; pre-test; post-test; randomized
controlled trials
exploratory data analysis 506–15
ex post facto research 264–71, 272; characteristics of
266–8; planning 269–71
external validity see validity, kinds of