RESEARCH METHOD COHEN ok

INDEX 635
face validity see validity, kinds of
factor analysis 560–76, 587, 592; examples of 563–70,
570–6
factorial designs in experiments 280–1
factor loadings 567–70
fairness 139, 318
false consciousness 26
feminist research 34–41, 129, 140
fidelity 72, 134
field notes 171, 182, 260–1, 404–8 see also accounts;
case studies; computers; documentary research;
observation
fitness for purpose 39, 78, 98, 165, 181, 424
focus groups 376–7
focused interview see interviews
Frankfurt School 18, 34
freedom, degrees of 527–8
frequencies 506–15
Friedman test 527, 557–8, 587
Garfinkel, H. 23–4
gatekeepers 109–10, 123–4, 128, 139, 179
generalizability 135, 137, 169, 190
Geographical Information Systems 251–2
Goffman, E. 175
grid technique see personal construct theory
grounded theory 117, 168, 170, 491–500; defined
491–2; example of 495–9; procedures in 492–5
group interviewing 373–6 see also focus groups
Guttman scales 325
Habermas, J. 18, 26–32
halo effect 18–19
Hawthorne effect 144, 156, 160, 189
hermeneutic interest 27, 32
hermeneutics 18, 26, 29
historical research 191–204 see also biographies; life
histories; stories
humanistic psychology 19
HyperQuad2 488
Hypersoft 488
hypothesis 6, 14–15, 82–3, 168, 169–70, 173, 195,
207, 469; alternative 83, 515; null 83, 515, 526
hypothesis testing 519–20
ideology 26–9, 31
ideology critique 28–30, 34, 35, 37
idiographic approach to human behaviour 8, 19, 168
illuminative approaches see ethnographic methods
independent variable 265–6, 269, 272–3, 280–1,
504–5
indexicality 24
induction 6, 134, 168
inductive-deductive reasoning 6
inference 170, 185, 483
inferential statistics 503–4
informal interview see interview, types of
informants see ethnographic methods; gatekeepers
informed consent 51, 52–5, 60, 61, 62, 72, 125, 174,
318, 361–2
instantaneous sampling 401–2
interactionism see ethnographic methods; naturalistic
research
interaction effect 156
interests see knowledge-constitutive interests
internal validity see validity, kinds of
internet 226–45; internet-based experiments 239–41;
internet-based interviews 241–2; internet-based
surveys 226–39; internet searching 242–5
interpretive paradigm 20–26, 47, 384 see also
naturalistic methods
interpretive validity see validity, kinds of
inter-rater reliability see reliability, kinds of
interval recording 402
interval scale 502, 586–90
interviews 129, 130, 131, 150–5, 171, 218–22, 349–83;
analysis of 155, 368–72; children 374–6; conduct of
361–5, 366–7; ethical issues 382–3; focused 376–9;
group 373–6; internet 241–2; nature of 349–50;
non-directive 377–9; kinds of 349–51; planning of
129, 356–61; purposes of 351–2; questions in
357–61; reliability and validity in 150–5; response
modes in 359–61; telephone 153, 222–3, 379–82;
transcription of 155, 365–8; 370; types of 352–6 see
also focus groups; questions; triangulation
item analysis see tests
item difficulty see tests
item discriminability see tests
item response theory see tests
jury validity see validity, kinds of
Kelly, G. 435–7
Kendall’s tau 528, 529
knowledge-constitutive interests 27–30, 31–2
Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance 527, 554–6, 592
Kuder-Richardson formula for reliability 162
laddering, see personal constructs
leading questions 151
legitimacy 26–7
levels of data see scales of data
Levene test 523, 543–5
life histories 86, 164, 198–9
Likert scales see questions, Likert scales
linear regression 537–9
linkage analysis see elementary linkage analysis
longitudinal studies 170, 211–13, 214–18, 219–21
Index