RESEARCH METHOD COHEN ok

638 INDEX
stage sampling see sampling, kinds of
standard deviation 504, 512–14
standard error of mean 106–8, 504
standard error of proportions 107–8
Stanford Prison Experiment 61, 450
statistical significance 515–19 see also effect size
statistical tests 586–592
stories 394–5
stratified sampling see sampling, kinds of
stress 483–7
structured interview see interview, kinds of
structured observation see observation
subjectivity 8, 17, 25, 162, 294
surveys 84, 205–25; cross-sectional 213, 214–18,
219–21; internet 226–39; longitudinal 211–13,
214–18, 219–21; planning 208–11; postal 218;
sampling 211; telephone 218–23; trend studies 213,
214–18, 219–21 see also questionnaires, sampling
symbolic interactionism 22–6 see also ethnographic
methods
systematic sampling see sampling, kinds of
systemic validity see validity, kinds of
technical interest 27, 31
telephone interviewing 153, 379–82
test/re-test 146–7, 162
tests 86, 414–34; achievement 417; aptitude 417;
commercially produced 416–18; computerized
adaptive testing 433–4; construction of 418–32;
criterion-referenced 415–6; diagnostic 418;
domain-referenced 415–6; ethics of 432–3; format
426; item analysis 418–29; item difficulty 418–21;
item discriminability 418, 421, 422–3; item response
theory 422–3; item writing 426–9; layout of 429;
non-parametric 424–5; norm-referenced 415–6;
one-tailed 504; parametric 414–5; power of 522;
pre-test 432; post-test 432; purposes of 414, 418–9;
reliability and validity in 159–64; scoring 430–2;
timing of 429–30; two-tailed 504 see also questions
Textbase Alpha 488
theoretical validity see validity, kinds of
theory 12–14, 36; grounded 178, 491–5; theory
generation 185–6, 491–5
thick description 21, 134, 169, 405
Thurstone scales see questions
transcription see case studies; ethnographic methods;
field notes; interviews; naturalistic research
transformative research 26–7, 29
trend studies 213–18, 219–21
triangulation 37, 141–14, 158; defined 141–4; types of
142–4
t-test 543–6, 587, 592
two-tailed test 504
Tukey test 548–50, 588
Type I error 145, 520
Type II error 145, 520
typical case sampling see sampling, kinds of
unique case sampling see sampling, kinds of
unstructured interview see interview, kinds of
unstructured observation see observation
validity 133–64; defined 133–5; in experiments 155–7;
in interviews 150–5; in life histories 164, 203–4; in
observation 158–9, 412–13; in questionnaires
157–8; in tests 159–64
validity, kinds of: catalytic 139–40; concurrent 140–1,
163; consequential 140, 152, 163; construct 138, 163;
content 137–8, 162–3; convergent 138;
criterion-related 140–1, 163; cultural 139;
descriptive 135; discriminant 138; ecological 138–9,
157; evaluative 135; external 136–7, 156–7, 158;
face 163; internal 135–6, 155–6, 214; interpretive
135; jury 163; predictive 140–1, 163; systemic 163;
theoretical 135
variables: dependent 156, 265–6, 269, 272–3, 504–5;
independent 265–6, 269, 272–3, 280–1, 504–5; in
experimental research 265–6, 272; kinds of 504–5,
528
varimax rotation see factor analysis
verstehen approaches 27
voluntarism 8, 52
web sites, evaluation of 245
Wilcoxon test 527, 554, 587, 592
writing research reports see reporting