Scientific Papers Series B Horticulture

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Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture. Vol. LVII, 2013Print ISSN 2285-5653, CD-ROM ISSN 2285-5661, Online ISSN 2286-1580, ISSN-L 2285-5653DETERMINATION ON VITAMIN C IN SEVERAL OLD ROMANIANAPPLE CULTIVARS BY HPLC DURING COLD STORAGEAbstractDan Petrior MANAFU, Dorel HOZA, Ligia ION1 University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest,59 Marasti Blvd, 011464, Bucharest, RomaniaCorresponding author email: ionnagyligia@yahoo.frHigh pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were used for measurement of vitamin C and organic acidchanges of forty old Romanian apple cultivars (“Prescurate”,“Gurguiate”,“Zori”,“Carla”,“Mohorat”, “Trotuse”, “MereTari”,”Mar Orbai” etc.) during cold storage. Harvested apples at the last stage of commercial ripeness were placed inperforated stored at 0°C temperature and 90-95% relative humidity for 60 days. Vitamin C content decreased in allcultivars but no significant differences were found in the most important of them from the beginning to the end of thestorage. The highest share of total acids was contributed by citric acid. The high level of vitamin C was measured in thecultivars” Trotuse”, “Ancuta”,”Wachsman Sammeling”and “Wachsman Amalie”. Malic acid content of cultivars alsodecreased with storage time. Tartaric, oxalic and fumaric acid contents fluctuated during storage, but at the end of coldstorage these organic acids had decreased in comparison to initial values.Key words: apple, acids, HPLC, organic ,storage, vitamin C.INTRODUCTIONVariety Office) are applied, as the briefdescriptions and number codes provideThe Apple (Malus x malus) is one of leadingsufficient information for cultivars to befruits which is being grown in temperate regiondifferentiated. They have the advantage thatof the world. Its beautiful appearance, crispythey can be applied on an international scaleflesh, pleasant flavour and sweet taste attractand enable the results obtained by differentthe consumers and fetch high (Adisa, 1986)research teams to be easily compared.Of the old genotypes known to exist in theThe nutritional value of apples is mainly due toCarpathian Basin, almost 200 local cultivarsthe content of Vitamin C (Sanz et al., 1999). Ashave been collected in the germoplasmantioxidant content is becoming an increasinglycollection over the last years.important parameter with respect to fruits andSome of the cultivars found in the germoplasmvegetables, it is of great interest to evaluatecollection could be use not only in breeding,changes in the antioxidant status during fruitbut also in organic farming, so there is a greatstorage (Perez and Sanz, 2001).need for the re-evaluation of the old appleDuring the postharvest period of strawberries,cultivars. Some of the old apple varieties haveprompt cooling and providing properbecome well adapted to the soil and climatictemperature (0°C) and relative humidity (90-conditions of the Carpathian Basin producing95%) are the most important factors togood yields and highly appreciated fruit qualitypreventing the undesirable quality changes(Mitre et al., 2009)(Kader, 1990). The concentration of organicIt is important to examine old apple cultivarsacids is an important factor influencing thebecause the pomological descriptions availableorganoleptic properties of fruits (Lee andfor old cultivars are not uniform. ManyKader, 2000). Their changes during storagecollections of cultivar descriptions use severalshould be reduced. Besides good sensorynames for one cultivar, or the same name forfeatures, consumers prefer apples because ofseveral cultivars. Nowadays, in most cases theguidelines given by UPOV (Uniontheir high content of vitamin C (Schöpplei etInternationale pour la Protection des Obtentionsal., 2002).Végétales) or CPVO (Community PlantVitamin C, one of the most importantnutritional quality factors in apples, has been209
found to prevent the formation of N-nitrosocompounds, the cancer causing substancesfrom nitrates and nitrites found in preservedmeats and some drinking water (Du et al.,2009). Vitamin C has many biological activities(reducing carcinogenesis and cardiovasculardiseases, stimulating the immune system) in thehuman body (Simon, 1992).There are several methods to determine vitaminC content; however some of them needsubjective evaluation and some are notpractical (Agar, 1995). Several postharvestfactors influence the vitamin C and organicacid contents of apple. Despite manyinvestigations in the area of nutrition andpostharvest changes of apples, knowledgeabout the determination of vitamin C andorganic acids by using HPLC is inadequate. Ithas been indicated that ascorbic acid content offruit should be measured by HPLC becauseascorbic acid produces an oxidative-reductionreaction (Asami et al., 2003). The aim of thisresearch was to measure the vitamin C(ascorbic acid) and organic acid contents of 20old Romanian apples varieties by using HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)during cold storage period.MATERIALS AND METHODSForty old apples cultivars (Prescurate,Gurguiate, Viesti, Rosii Stetin, Zori, Carla,Mohorat, Gustav Durabil, WachsmanSammeling, Wachsman Amelie, Ancuta,Ardelean, Trotuse,etc.) grown in the researchand application center of HorticultureDepartment in Bucharest located in south ofRomania region were harvested at the last stageof commercial ripeness (red colour with asurface area of > 75-80%). Harvested fruits inthe early morning were transported to the postharvest laboratory within 30 min. Applescultivars were sorted to eliminate fruits withdefects including overripe or too small fruit.Fruits were selected randomly and placed inperforated (8 perforations with 10 mm diameteron each box) plastic boxes (capacity: 750 g) foreach replicates. Four replicates were used pertreatment. Packaged fruits were stored at 0°Ctemperature and 90-95% relative humidity for10 days. Apples fruits cultivars were analyzedat 5 days intervals (0, 5, and 10 days of storage)during cold storage.Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) and Organic AcidAnalysisThe HPLC analysis was carried out todetermine the vitamin C and organic acids on aShimadzu class LC VP HPLC system withclass LC-VP software, a pump (LC-6AD), anda UV-VIS detector (SPD-10AV VP). Thecolumns used were YMC Pack-ODS (250 mmx 4.6 mm I.D., 5 μm) for organic acids andSGE (250 mm x 4.6 mm I.D., 5 μm) forvitamin C. The mobile phases were wateradjusted to pH 2.2 with trifluoroacetic acid(organic acids) and to pH 3 with phosphoricacid (vitamin C). Separation was carried out byisocratic elution with a flow rate of 0.4 ml min-1 and column temperature was ambient. TheUV detector was set at 210 nm and 254 nm,respectively. Quantitation was based on thepeak area measurement.Sample (10 g) was extracted in 10 ml wateradjusted to pH 1.5 with trifluoroacetic acid fororganic acids and with 10 ml phosphoric acidwater(2%, v/v) for vitamin C. The extractswere filtered through filter paper. Then, 1.5 mlbuffer (0.01 M KH2PO4, pH 8.0) was added to1.5 ml sample extract. From this, 1.5 ml(organic acids) and 1 ml (vitamin C) of thesemixtures were loaded on to C18 cartridges.After loading, 3 ml water adjusted to pH 1.5with trifluoroacetic acid for organic acids and 2ml phosphoric acid-water(2%, v/v) for vitamin C were passed throughthe cartridges. For HPLC, 20 μl of the eluentswere injected.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSGenerally, fruits and vegetables show a gradualdecrease in vitamin C content as the storagetemperature or duration increases (Adisa,1986). In this research, change in vitamin C ofapples during cold storage is shown in Figure1. Vitamin C levels decreased for most ofcultivars from the beginning to the end of thestorage, but this reduction was not statisticallysignificant (P
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SCIENTIFIC PAPERSSERIES B. HORTICUL
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Bekir Erol AK
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Fructification - Florin Constantin
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Phenological Studies on Some Variet
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Scientific Papers. Series B, Hortic
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Table 2. The organoleptic appreciat
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processes become even slower and th
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- usingselectedbacteriafromm Leucon
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To organoleptic analysis of the win
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works were pickling the cucumbers i
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days after removal of weeds by burn
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it appears that the culture has gro
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Maintainance of the genetic structu
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Table 3. Interaction variety of dwa
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Experimental scheme is situated in
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improvement especially laboratory s
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Table 1 shows the type 2x3x2 trifac
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Neamtu G., Gheorghe Campeanu, Carme
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Experience consisted of the followi
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Table 7. Total production on plantV
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vineyard, several methods were used
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Table 4. Structure and number and r
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gets serious role through the ferme
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Table 3. Element content of the ber
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Figure 4. The length of internodes
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The process of fruit forming was de
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Compomist F1 hybrid reaches value o
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Figure 2. Experimental results repr
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and total number of tubers per plan
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and quality of organic potatoes for
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Petri dishes, the pathogenic fungi
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Variant 4R 2 11.0 4.0 15.0 7.0 22.0
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Analyzing the dynamics of the total
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Table 2. Indicative data on volumes
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Table 3. The Influence of the level
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Table 8. The Influence of irrigatio
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Figure 1. The aspect of apples from
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Conclusions on changes in chemicalc
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSRaspberry is
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CONCLUSIONSAs a result of scientifi
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observations were made on phenologi
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Figure 1. Flowering period and blac
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content, A-acidity content) to the
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sugar accumulated in grapes and 1,0
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Figure 2. DryerFigure 3. Programmer
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Appearance of the apricots after 5
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where: P F represent the coordinate
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Table 2. The production obtained at
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As shown in figures 5 and 6 the vit
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At two weeks from planting it was a
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If we take into account the both fa
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F1 - + infectedF2 - + infectedF3 +
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HORTICULTURALBIODIVERSITY ANDGENETI
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFruit charac
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The chorology maps of Artemisia alb
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Figure 5. Chorology of Artemisia le
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Page 162: Molecular differentiation showed a
Page 165 and 166: The characterization of the grapevi
Page 167 and 168: Figure 4. Amino acid profile of the
Page 169 and 170: Table 4. The significance of differ
Page 171 and 172: The studied phenophases (table 1),
Page 173 and 174: REFERENCESCapusan Janina, 2013. Rez
Page 175 and 176: Neoaliturus fenestratus Herrich-Sch
Page 177 and 178: occurrence in western part of Roman
Page 179 and 180: Pop 3 = Population 3 obtained by cr
Page 181 and 182: well adapted in our country, and th
Page 186 and 187: Variations in acidity of the variet
Page 188: grape. Analele Universitatii din Cr
Page 191 and 192: Flow cytometry has proved to be an
Page 193 and 194: cell nuclei, using chromosome count
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Prekos F1Figure 4. Prekos
Page 197 and 198: Interpretation of the results conce
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Page 201 and 202: Dry matter (determinate refractomet
Page 203 and 204: was evaluated by using a large-size
Page 208 and 209: During the growing season have been
Page 212 and 213: Likewise, vitamin C content of ‘G
Page 216 and 217: Figure 2. Air temperature (°C) in
Page 218: REFERENCESAnconelli S., Antolini G.
Page 221 and 222: Taking into the account these and t
Page 223 and 224: postharvest decays in fruits and ve
Page 225 and 226: manure semifermentated. In vegetati
Page 227 and 228: Figure 1. Prima Cl. 1022 varietyThe
Page 229 and 230: temperature required for a differen
Page 231 and 232: MATERIALS AND METHODSTo accomplish
Page 233 and 234: climate (IH4), becomes for this yea
Page 235 and 236: quantities of sugar accumulated in
Page 237 and 238: ibosomal to investigate 13 species
Page 239 and 240: Biogeography of Genus MangiferaTwo
Page 241 and 242: productionand uses. Center for trop
Page 243 and 244: analysis of variance to express the
Page 245 and 246: highlighted by a correlation coeffi
Page 247 and 248: without heat and in open field. Cro
Page 249 and 250: ut the fruit had a reduced number o
Page 251 and 252: Genetic autochthonous heritage wasi
Page 253 and 254: Table 1. The main characteristics o
Page 258 and 259: Data were subjected to statistical
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Also, the dry biomass and root leng
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“Clapp’s Favorite” in 2011 wh
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2012 the order was “Conference”
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microspore to mature pollen, determ
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microspores at certain date. Micros
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viin utilizate ca genitori potentia
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The objective of this paper, is to
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Table 1. Relationship between germi
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Figure 2. Tassels lengthIn case of
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ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,DESIGN ANDLANDSCA
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of Chisinau, also the old parks. Fo
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y cambium on the very center - meth
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flower is fully colored. Postharves
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Results from table 8 shows that Mar
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Pinus sylvestris ‘Gold Coin’, R
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Figure 4. Excelsa (H 18/1)Descripti
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Figure 1. Plants in cellular trays
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espectively 69%, followed by hybrid
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observations made on the plants of
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The values of pH diminished in all
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Figure 5. Content of total soluble
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Figure 1. Plan of Bran domain (Ion
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Carol the second, her brother, on h
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Figure 14. Tea house in the natural
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Cults, and in conformity with the c
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consult the scientific novelties an
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,,The restoration is the methodolog
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MATERIALS AND METHODSThe chorology
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Merce, 2011; Zamfirescu, 2010) (IAS
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experiment because it shows and ill
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among all the administrations, exce
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solution known as AKN. Content: pot
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As shown in the figure, Chrysal is
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MotivationsOfferprospectingCustomer
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conclude the presented case, with k
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Also, comparative studies, concerni
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done before. Also the speed of the
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as Marcellus theatre or Trajan foru
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ian regime, by huge contradictions
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Pyongyang, the hidden cityThe capit
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“ordinary” buildings as the gen
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- The Writer’s Rotunda“The cons
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Figure 4. Vegetation planRegarding
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Figure 9. BenchesVasesThere are 4 k
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REFERENCESPanoiu A., 2011, Evolutia
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSResults of t
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Figure 5. Average growth rate of
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In 2012 there were higher onset tem
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fact that root injuries is the majo
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We recommend that the species and c
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and parameters of quality. The phys
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AESTHETICALLEVEL OFAPPROACHLEVEL OF
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REFERENCESArchibugi F., 1997. The E
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Figure 1. Optimized version of comp
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CONCLUSIONSThe optimized version (F
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etween 182-212 g/l, the lowest valu
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CONCLUSIONSThis study showed that 2
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFor this pur
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according to quality class.The calc
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third party countries who wish to b
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Stakeholder comments concerned nota
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Figure 2. The „Eco-leaf” logo o
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identified to facilitate its tracea
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- Analysis reports;This document ma
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Table 1. Sampling procedures applic
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Table 2. Example of sampling proced
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should be 5 kg.” According to thi
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One of the first and simplest condi
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of RIN transcription factor in ethy
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oriented towards the centre of the
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Figure 5. Macroscopic view of the c
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Related to the process of the evolu
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efore it is printed using the main
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Imposition of the pot is done every
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Figure 8. Test of Strength Vetiver
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Table 3 defines LSD test for genoty
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