Scientific Papers Series B Horticulture

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One of the first and simplest conditions toinfluence ethylene production refers to thehandling practices and storage temperature.When matter plants in general are subjected tophysical or biological stress the result may be atissue damage, which implies the production ofthe ethylene, either as a defense response or torepair the damage tissues. So, an increase ofrespiration and softening are registered (Mutariand Debbie, 2011). Tomato sealed in plasticfilms had an extended marketable life and itaffects the gaseous atmosphere around the fruit.The use of KMnO4 contributed to theproduction of CO 2 and water in the packageatmosphere which helped in lowering therespiration and ripening processes (Sammi andMasud, 2007). Post-harvest packing methods,such as storage in perforated (0.25%) polythenebags under ambient conditions (temperature of20 0 -25 0 C and relative humidity of 70-90%)extended up to 17 days tomato shelf lifewithout excessive quality decay (Nasrin et al.,2008). The use of black perforated polythenebags (Rahman et al., 2010), treating fruits withchloride and calcium chloride, and treatment of0.1% gibberellic acid and 0.4 nM salicylic acid(Pila et al., 2010) have been shown to decreasefruit decay and weight loss.There are also used some treatments in relationto ethylene management. For instance, postharvestapplication of 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP) as one of ethylene action inhibitor(Sisler, 2006) delayed tomato fruit ripening inrelation to the used concentration (Moretti etal., 2002). Response of various climacteric species,including tomato is variable and dependsalso on internal levels of ethylene (Zhang et al.,2009; Zhang et al., 2010). It should be consideredthat ingress and accumulation in tomatofruit of gaseous 1-MCP applied as gaseous oraqueous formulation is rapidly. The post-exposurefate is due in relation to multiple factors:inherent sorption-capacity, surface properties(e.g., waxes, stoma), volume and continuity ofgas-filled intercellular spaces, and tissue hydration(Dong et al., 2013). In addition, Su andGubler (2012) showed that reducing post-harvestdecay by 1-MCP is also associated with areduction of economic loss caused by diseases.There is also a positive interaction betweenjasmonates resulting from treatment withmethyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethylene. MeJA425application causes increased jasmonates concentration,which regulate LOX activity associatedwith the production of superoxide anion,which has an impact on ethylene production(Yu et al., 2009). JA-ethylene cross-talk in theethylene synthesis pathways is based on theirsynergistic interaction, as for example the JAethyleneresponsive antifungal defensinPDF1.2 (Spoel et al., 2003) regulation by thesimultaneously activation of JA and ethyleneresponse pathways (Abeles et al., 1992). Kim etal. (2013) obtained contradictory results. Theynoticed that JA has also an inhibitory effect onethylene signaling, which may involve an EIN2(a key protein in ethylene signaling)-independentpathway. JA antagonistic and ethyleneindependently function was also registeredduring lycopene biosynthesis in tomato fruits(Liu et al., 2012).Respiration rate may be also controlled byinfluence its proper molecular mechanism.Alternative oxidase (AOX) and ethylene mediatefruit ripening of tomato. Xu et al. (2012)used tomato plants with reduced LeAOX (Lealternative oxidase) levels and results wereretarded ripening; reduced carotenoids, respiration,and ethylene production; and the downregulationof ripening-associated genes. On theother hand, the fruit that over expressedLeAOX1a accumulated more lycopene, andthey displayed a similar pattern of ripening towild-type fruit.Zhang et al. (2009) described a relationshipbetween ABA and ethylene during tomato fruitripening and senescence as followings: (i) theexpression of the ABA biosynthetic gene(LeNCED1) (which encode 9-cis-epoxy carotenoiddioxygenase (NCED) as a key enzyme inABA biosynthesis) occurs before that ofethylene biosynthesis genes; (ii) ABA contentalso preceded the climacteric increase inethylene production; (iii) ABA may induceethylene biosynthesis via the regulation of ACSand ACO gene expression; (iv) exogenousABA accelerates fruit ripening, and fluridoneor nordihydroguaiaretic acid treatment delayedfruit ripening by inhibition of ABA; and (v)ethylene plays a key role in the later stages offruit ripening.Delaying ripening and enhancing resistance toa post-harvest fungal pathogens can be alsoassure by NO treatments (Lai et al., 2011)
426which suppress ethylene biosynthesis, stimulatethe activity of antioxidant enzymes and regulatethe expression of age-related genes.Tomato is a suitable system for studyingunique biological phenomena not harbored byArabidopsis (Okabe et al., 2011). As Me et al.(2007) noticed, in molecular technologies,using molecular markers in plants breedingprograms is a common procedure. Unfortunately,gene modification techniques introducedinto tomato crop improvement, greatly alteredtomato variety characteristics. Studies performedby Rodríguez et al. (2011) emphasized thatpolymorphic polipeptides from fruit pericarpassociated with quality fruits traits and fruitshelf life can be such useful tomato breedingprograms, as protein molecular markers.The tomato genome was entirely sequenced byThe International Solanaceae Genomics Project(SOL), and many of the gene sequences can beretrieved from databases (Mueller et al., 2009).Also, recently (2012) The Tomato GenomeConsortium presented a high-quality genomesequence of domesticated tomato, a draftsequence of its closest wild relative, Solanumpimpinellifolium,and compared them to eachother and to the potato genome (Solanumtuberosum).Although the tomato is completedsequenced, its genomic resources have not beenfully exploited. Few studies have reported thedetection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) usingsimple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for fruitquality traits in tomato, in the recent studiescarried out by Yogendra and Gowda (2013).Xu et al. (2013) presented a complete analysisof the RNA helicases (a class of molecularmotor proteins) gene family, including thechromosomal locations, phylogenetic tree, andgene structure analysis and expression profileunder various growth conditions.Twenty years ago Klee (1993) noticed thatbiochemical analysis of transgenic tomato fruitsline expressing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid (ACC) deaminase enzyme emphasizedno significant differences from controls inthe levels of ACC oxidase or polygalacturonase.Also, transgenic fruit were significantlyfirmer than the control, so, the author conclusionwas that other enzymes may have asignificant role in fruit softening. Meli et al.(2010) identified and targeted two ripeningspecificN-glycoprotein modifying enzymes (amannosidase(a-Man) and ß-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase(ß-Hex) and also demonstrated thatgenetic manipulation of N-glycan processingcan be of strategic importance to enhance fruitshelf life, without any negative effect onphenotype, including yield.To accelerate functional genomic research intomato, Okabe et al. (2011) developed a Micro-Tom TILLING (Targeting Induced LocalLesions In Genomes) platform and to be usedfor efficient mutant isolation, six ethylene receptorgenes in tomato (SlETR1–SlETR6) werescreened. The identification of two novel Sletr1mutant alleles that are distinguished by thelevel of ethylene sensitivity and the characterizationof their associated phenotypes couldprovide insight into the ethylene-mediated fruitripening mechanism in tomato.Behboodian et al. (2012) were employed RNAinterference (RNAi) technology to silence thegenes involved in ethylene biosyntheticpathway, by blocking the expression of specificgene encoding the ACC oxidase. The obtainedresults has successfully demonstrated that severaltransgenic lines of lowland tomato cv. MT1,harboring an hpRNA-ACO1 (ACC oxidase)construct, showed lower ethylene productionbecause the transgenic fruits displayed delayedpost-harvest life with no phenotypic changesand similar amounts of soluble solids content,titratable acidity and ascorbic acid as comparedto wild type fruits. They proposed that,hpRNAi ACO1 could effectively be used todelay post-harvest damage, especially inclimacteric fruits.Research carried out by Xie et al. (2006) emphasizedthat Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS) technology combined with vacuuminfiltration can silence LeACS2 gene functionfor a certain time and is an efficient way topostpone the post-harvest senescence of tomatofruit. In the same time, vacuum infiltration is aneasy and inexpensive method at room temperature,so, a potential method to maintain thequality of detached tomato fruit. The syringeinfiltration method of VIGS [tobacco rattlevirus (TRV)-LeRIN: the transcription factorRIN (Ripening Inhibitor) belongs to the MADSbox family and regulates tomato ripening] wassuccessfully applied to silence the LeRIN,LeACS2, LeACS4 and LeACO1 genes in tomatofruits. There were identified also, the target genes
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SCIENTIFIC PAPERSSERIES B. HORTICUL
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Bekir Erol AK
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Fructification - Florin Constantin
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Phenological Studies on Some Variet
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Scientific Papers. Series B, Hortic
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Table 2. The organoleptic appreciat
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processes become even slower and th
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- usingselectedbacteriafromm Leucon
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To organoleptic analysis of the win
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works were pickling the cucumbers i
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days after removal of weeds by burn
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it appears that the culture has gro
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Maintainance of the genetic structu
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Table 3. Interaction variety of dwa
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Experimental scheme is situated in
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improvement especially laboratory s
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Table 1 shows the type 2x3x2 trifac
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Neamtu G., Gheorghe Campeanu, Carme
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Experience consisted of the followi
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Table 7. Total production on plantV
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vineyard, several methods were used
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Table 4. Structure and number and r
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gets serious role through the ferme
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Table 3. Element content of the ber
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Figure 4. The length of internodes
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The process of fruit forming was de
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Compomist F1 hybrid reaches value o
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Figure 2. Experimental results repr
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and total number of tubers per plan
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and quality of organic potatoes for
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Petri dishes, the pathogenic fungi
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Variant 4R 2 11.0 4.0 15.0 7.0 22.0
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Analyzing the dynamics of the total
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Table 2. Indicative data on volumes
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Table 3. The Influence of the level
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Table 8. The Influence of irrigatio
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Figure 1. The aspect of apples from
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Conclusions on changes in chemicalc
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSRaspberry is
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CONCLUSIONSAs a result of scientifi
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observations were made on phenologi
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Figure 1. Flowering period and blac
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content, A-acidity content) to the
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sugar accumulated in grapes and 1,0
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Figure 2. DryerFigure 3. Programmer
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Appearance of the apricots after 5
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where: P F represent the coordinate
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Table 2. The production obtained at
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As shown in figures 5 and 6 the vit
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At two weeks from planting it was a
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If we take into account the both fa
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F1 - + infectedF2 - + infectedF3 +
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HORTICULTURALBIODIVERSITY ANDGENETI
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFruit charac
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The chorology maps of Artemisia alb
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Figure 5. Chorology of Artemisia le
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Molecular differentiation showed a
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The characterization of the grapevi
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Figure 4. Amino acid profile of the
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Table 4. The significance of differ
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The studied phenophases (table 1),
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REFERENCESCapusan Janina, 2013. Rez
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Neoaliturus fenestratus Herrich-Sch
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occurrence in western part of Roman
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Pop 3 = Population 3 obtained by cr
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well adapted in our country, and th
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Variations in acidity of the variet
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grape. Analele Universitatii din Cr
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Flow cytometry has proved to be an
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cell nuclei, using chromosome count
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Figure 1. Prekos F1Figure 4. Prekos
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Interpretation of the results conce
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Photo 1- Redhaven (Control)The Roma
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Dry matter (determinate refractomet
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was evaluated by using a large-size
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During the growing season have been
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Likewise, vitamin C content of ‘G
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Figure 2. Air temperature (°C) in
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REFERENCESAnconelli S., Antolini G.
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Taking into the account these and t
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postharvest decays in fruits and ve
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manure semifermentated. In vegetati
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Figure 1. Prima Cl. 1022 varietyThe
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temperature required for a differen
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MATERIALS AND METHODSTo accomplish
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climate (IH4), becomes for this yea
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quantities of sugar accumulated in
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ibosomal to investigate 13 species
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Biogeography of Genus MangiferaTwo
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productionand uses. Center for trop
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analysis of variance to express the
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highlighted by a correlation coeffi
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without heat and in open field. Cro
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ut the fruit had a reduced number o
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Genetic autochthonous heritage wasi
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Table 1. The main characteristics o
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Data were subjected to statistical
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Also, the dry biomass and root leng
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“Clapp’s Favorite” in 2011 wh
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2012 the order was “Conference”
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microspore to mature pollen, determ
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microspores at certain date. Micros
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viin utilizate ca genitori potentia
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The objective of this paper, is to
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Table 1. Relationship between germi
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Figure 2. Tassels lengthIn case of
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ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,DESIGN ANDLANDSCA
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of Chisinau, also the old parks. Fo
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y cambium on the very center - meth
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flower is fully colored. Postharves
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Results from table 8 shows that Mar
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Pinus sylvestris ‘Gold Coin’, R
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Figure 4. Excelsa (H 18/1)Descripti
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Figure 1. Plants in cellular trays
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espectively 69%, followed by hybrid
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observations made on the plants of
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The values of pH diminished in all
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Figure 5. Content of total soluble
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Figure 1. Plan of Bran domain (Ion
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Carol the second, her brother, on h
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Figure 14. Tea house in the natural
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Cults, and in conformity with the c
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consult the scientific novelties an
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,,The restoration is the methodolog
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MATERIALS AND METHODSThe chorology
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Merce, 2011; Zamfirescu, 2010) (IAS
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experiment because it shows and ill
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among all the administrations, exce
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solution known as AKN. Content: pot
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As shown in the figure, Chrysal is
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MotivationsOfferprospectingCustomer
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conclude the presented case, with k
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Also, comparative studies, concerni
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done before. Also the speed of the
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as Marcellus theatre or Trajan foru
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ian regime, by huge contradictions
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Pyongyang, the hidden cityThe capit
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“ordinary” buildings as the gen
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- The Writer’s Rotunda“The cons
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Figure 4. Vegetation planRegarding
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Figure 9. BenchesVasesThere are 4 k
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REFERENCESPanoiu A., 2011, Evolutia
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSResults of t
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Page 387 and 388: REFERENCESArchibugi F., 1997. The E
Page 389 and 390: Figure 1. Optimized version of comp
Page 391 and 392: CONCLUSIONSThe optimized version (F
Page 394 and 395: Scientific Papers. Series B, Hortic
Page 396 and 397: etween 182-212 g/l, the lowest valu
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Page 401 and 402: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFor this pur
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Page 409 and 410: Figure 2. The „Eco-leaf” logo o
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Page 418 and 419: Table 1. Sampling procedures applic
Page 420 and 421: Table 2. Example of sampling proced
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Page 434 and 435: Figure 5. Macroscopic view of the c
Page 436 and 437: Related to the process of the evolu
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Page 442 and 443: Imposition of the pot is done every
Page 444 and 445: Figure 8. Test of Strength Vetiver
Page 448 and 449: Table 3 defines LSD test for genoty
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