Scientific Papers Series B Horticulture

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Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture. Vol. LVII, 2013Print ISSN 2285-5653, CD-ROM ISSN 2285-5661, Online ISSN 2286-1580, ISSN-L 2285-5653INFLUENCE O THEPEST CONTROL METHODS OVER THE USEFULENTOMOFAUNA WITHIN THE VITICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMAbstractIoan ENOIU 1 , Lidia FÎCIU 2 , Sonia DROSU 31 Naturevo Ltd, St. Ion Urdareanu, no 34, Sector 5, Bucharest, Romania2 Research and Development Institute for Viticulture and Winemaking, St. Mantei,Calugareasca Valley, Romania3 Institute of Plant Protection Research and Development, Bd Ion Ionescu de la Brad, no. 8Dictrict 1, 013813, Bucharest, RomaniaCorresponding author email: john.enoiu@naturevo.roThe paper presents the influence of the differential methods to control pests and diseases of vines, respectively chemicalcontrol, biological and integrated, over the useful and harmful in a entomofauna vineyard ecosystem. Experimentaldata obtained showed that the abundance entomofauna (useful and harmful) presented higher values for biologicalcontrol and integrated methods compared to chemical control method. Integrated control, especially chemical, causeda reduction of 4% and 17% in the number of the useful insects compared to the biological control method. The ratiobetween useful and harmful entomofauna recorded in May and June had an average of 1.1, with an upward trend in theuse of biological control method and decreasing for integrated control, especially the chemical. Useful entomofaunarecorded lower values than the harmful for all control methods used, which proves that useful pests are more sensitivethan the harmful ones after application.Key words: methods of pest control, viticulture, useful entomofauna.INTRODUCTIONA full management of viticultural ecosystemcan not be achieved without a reconsiderationof the whole system based on a design thattakes into account both ecological pestknowledge and their destructive potential andcomplex adoption of the most appropriatemeasures for the natural control of the harmfulspecies (Coulon et Sentenac, 2001; Dejeu et al.,2005; Fregona, 2005). Parasites and predatorsof the existing natural background in eachecosystem wine is by far one of the mostimportant natural biotic factors limiting thepopulations of the harmful pests (Perju et al.,1988). Some technological sequences used invineyards, especially treatments of diseases andpests of vines, can influence in an obviousmanner the diversity and numerical abundanceof natural predators populations, with directimplications in maintaining the natural balancewithin the wines ecosystem.Based on these considerations the paper aims topresent the influence of differential methodsof pests and diseases control in vines over theuseful and harmful entomofauna existing in avineyard ecosystem.MATERIALS AND METHODSResearch has been carried out within a vineyardhaving planting distances: 2.0/1.0 m placed intoterraced slope conditions arranged in terraceswide (width 17.2 m, 8 rows of vines). Thebiological material was represented byMerlot/SO4-4 variety.They were experienced 3 differentiated methodto control pests and diseases of the vines,namely:-Chemical control based on the use of contactand systemic insecticides;-Biological control based on the use of ofcopper, sulfur and bioinsecticides;-Integrated control based on the use of lessharmful insecticides, accepted internationallyfor the integrated pest management invineyards to which were added biotechnicalmeans and bioinsecticides.To collect biological material that representsthe useful and harmful entomofauna of the49
vineyard, several methods were useddepending on the targeted species, namely:-Barber traps, which is the classical method forcollecting mobile arthropods on the ground;-Shaking technique that allows collectinguseful and harmful entomofauna by shakingvegetative organs above an entomological net;-Method of leaf samples, allowing an estimateof the entomophagous populations from theleaves.Measurements were made at an interval of twoweeks between May and June. Afterharvesting the samples samples were broughtto the laboratory and analyzed the binocularloupe and microscope to identify the presentspecies. Identified species were classified intotaxonomic groups: orders, families and genus.The relative abundance and the number ofspecies that encounter the the useful and theharmful entomofauna specific for the vineyardecosystem was studied, the subject to the typeof the treatment.Based on the data we have got calculated theratio between the two components of vine pestsand predators respectively.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSBased on the role and the importance ofpredators into two vineyard ecosystem, amapping of the vine pest for the three methodsdifferentiated, on diseases and pest control invineyards was concluded.Arthropod fauna collected by means, duringMay-June in the experimental plots,amounted a total of 810 insects. out of these,430 were harmful insects, representing 53.1%and 380 formed entomophagous population,representing 46.9% of the total. The reletiobetween the two populations was 1.13.Function to the pest in the species vineyard,arthropods were divided into two groups: (i)harmful fauna (phytophagous pest that feed ondifferent parts of plants and (ii) useful fauna(parasitoids and predators, whose regime iscarnivorous diet).Harmful species were included into 7 orders:Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera,Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera andDiptera and 13 families: Catantopidae,Gryllidae, Thripidae, Miridae, Pentatomidae,Cicadellidae, Aphididae, Elateridae, Halticidae,Bruchidae, Curculionidae and Geometridae (forDiptera, suborder Brachycera).Beneficials were separated into predators andparasites. Predators were included in 7 order:Aranea, Dermaptera, Heteroptera, Neuroptera,Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera in 6families. Parasites Hymenoptera belonge to twosuperfamilies, Chalcidoidea andIchneumonoidea. Ants present in a largenumbers were included into Formicoidealsubfamily.The taxonomic classification of the faunacollected specific to the vineyard ecosystemstudied is presented in Table 1.Table 1. Taxonomic classification of the fauna collectedfrom the viticultural ecosystem studied Harmful fauna Useful fauna1. Ord. ORTHOPTERAFam. CatantopidaeCaliptamus italicus L.Fam. GryllidaeGrilus campestris L.Melanogryllus desertusPallas2Ord. THYSANOPTERAFam. Thripidae3. Ord. HETEROPTERAFam. MiridaeLygus sp.Fam. Pentatomidae4. Ord. HOMOPTERAFam. CicadellidaeFam. Aphididae5. Ord. COLEOPTERAFam. ElateridaeFam. HalticidaeFam. BruchidaeFam. Curculionidae6. Ord. LEPIDOPTERAFam. Geometridae7. Ord. DipteraSubord. Brachycera1. O. ARANEAE2. O. DERMAPTERAFam. ForficulidaeForficula auricularia L3. HETEROPTERAFam. AnthocoridaeOrius sp.4. NEUROPTERAFam. ChrysopidaeChrysoperla carnea Steph.5. O. HYMENOPTERASuprafam. ChalcidoideaSuprafam.IchneumonoideaSuprafam. Formicoidea6. Ord. COLEOPTERAFam. CoccinellidaeCoccinella 7-punctata L.Propylea 14-punctata L.Stethorus punctillumWeiseFam. Staphilinidae7. Ord. DIPTERAFam. TachinidaeThe structure and relative abundance andnumber of species that form the harmful faunapopulation specific for the vineyard ecosystemstudied, function of the types of managementregarding the control of the agents on theentire collection period (May-June), ispresented in Table 2.The experimental data obtained, indicate adifference in the number of species collected offunctions of the three types of pestmanagement. Thus, it may be noted that theversion where we used the biological control of50
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Scientific Papers. Series B, Hortic
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Figure 1. The aspect of apples from
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Conclusions on changes in chemicalc
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSRaspberry is
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CONCLUSIONSAs a result of scientifi
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observations were made on phenologi
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Figure 1. Flowering period and blac
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content, A-acidity content) to the
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sugar accumulated in grapes and 1,0
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Figure 2. DryerFigure 3. Programmer
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Appearance of the apricots after 5
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where: P F represent the coordinate
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Table 2. The production obtained at
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As shown in figures 5 and 6 the vit
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At two weeks from planting it was a
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If we take into account the both fa
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F1 - + infectedF2 - + infectedF3 +
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HORTICULTURALBIODIVERSITY ANDGENETI
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFruit charac
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The chorology maps of Artemisia alb
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Figure 5. Chorology of Artemisia le
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Molecular differentiation showed a
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The characterization of the grapevi
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Figure 4. Amino acid profile of the
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Table 4. The significance of differ
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The studied phenophases (table 1),
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REFERENCESCapusan Janina, 2013. Rez
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Neoaliturus fenestratus Herrich-Sch
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occurrence in western part of Roman
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Pop 3 = Population 3 obtained by cr
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well adapted in our country, and th
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Variations in acidity of the variet
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grape. Analele Universitatii din Cr
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Flow cytometry has proved to be an
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cell nuclei, using chromosome count
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Figure 1. Prekos F1Figure 4. Prekos
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Interpretation of the results conce
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Photo 1- Redhaven (Control)The Roma
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Dry matter (determinate refractomet
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was evaluated by using a large-size
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During the growing season have been
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Likewise, vitamin C content of ‘G
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Figure 2. Air temperature (°C) in
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REFERENCESAnconelli S., Antolini G.
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Taking into the account these and t
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postharvest decays in fruits and ve
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manure semifermentated. In vegetati
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Figure 1. Prima Cl. 1022 varietyThe
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temperature required for a differen
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MATERIALS AND METHODSTo accomplish
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climate (IH4), becomes for this yea
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quantities of sugar accumulated in
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ibosomal to investigate 13 species
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Biogeography of Genus MangiferaTwo
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productionand uses. Center for trop
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analysis of variance to express the
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highlighted by a correlation coeffi
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without heat and in open field. Cro
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ut the fruit had a reduced number o
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Genetic autochthonous heritage wasi
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Table 1. The main characteristics o
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Data were subjected to statistical
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Also, the dry biomass and root leng
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“Clapp’s Favorite” in 2011 wh
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2012 the order was “Conference”
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microspore to mature pollen, determ
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microspores at certain date. Micros
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viin utilizate ca genitori potentia
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The objective of this paper, is to
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Table 1. Relationship between germi
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Figure 2. Tassels lengthIn case of
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ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,DESIGN ANDLANDSCA
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of Chisinau, also the old parks. Fo
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y cambium on the very center - meth
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flower is fully colored. Postharves
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Results from table 8 shows that Mar
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Pinus sylvestris ‘Gold Coin’, R
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Figure 4. Excelsa (H 18/1)Descripti
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Figure 1. Plants in cellular trays
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espectively 69%, followed by hybrid
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observations made on the plants of
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The values of pH diminished in all
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Figure 5. Content of total soluble
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Figure 1. Plan of Bran domain (Ion
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Carol the second, her brother, on h
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Figure 14. Tea house in the natural
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Cults, and in conformity with the c
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consult the scientific novelties an
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,,The restoration is the methodolog
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MATERIALS AND METHODSThe chorology
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Merce, 2011; Zamfirescu, 2010) (IAS
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experiment because it shows and ill
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among all the administrations, exce
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solution known as AKN. Content: pot
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As shown in the figure, Chrysal is
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MotivationsOfferprospectingCustomer
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conclude the presented case, with k
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Also, comparative studies, concerni
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done before. Also the speed of the
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as Marcellus theatre or Trajan foru
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ian regime, by huge contradictions
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Pyongyang, the hidden cityThe capit
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“ordinary” buildings as the gen
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- The Writer’s Rotunda“The cons
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Figure 4. Vegetation planRegarding
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Figure 9. BenchesVasesThere are 4 k
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REFERENCESPanoiu A., 2011, Evolutia
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSResults of t
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Figure 5. Average growth rate of
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In 2012 there were higher onset tem
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fact that root injuries is the majo
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We recommend that the species and c
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and parameters of quality. The phys
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AESTHETICALLEVEL OFAPPROACHLEVEL OF
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REFERENCESArchibugi F., 1997. The E
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Figure 1. Optimized version of comp
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CONCLUSIONSThe optimized version (F
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etween 182-212 g/l, the lowest valu
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CONCLUSIONSThis study showed that 2
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFor this pur
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according to quality class.The calc
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third party countries who wish to b
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Stakeholder comments concerned nota
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Figure 2. The „Eco-leaf” logo o
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identified to facilitate its tracea
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- Analysis reports;This document ma
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Table 1. Sampling procedures applic
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Table 2. Example of sampling proced
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should be 5 kg.” According to thi
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One of the first and simplest condi
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of RIN transcription factor in ethy
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oriented towards the centre of the
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Figure 5. Macroscopic view of the c
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Related to the process of the evolu
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efore it is printed using the main
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Imposition of the pot is done every
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Figure 8. Test of Strength Vetiver
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Table 3 defines LSD test for genoty
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