Scientific Papers Series B Horticulture

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Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture. Vol. LVII, 2013Print ISSN 2285-5653, CD-ROM ISSN 2285-5661, Online ISSN 2286-1580, ISSN-L 2285-5653THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION LEVELS AND DRIP IRRIGATIONNORMS ON THE APPLE HARVEST IN SOUTH-EASTERN ROMANIANCONDITIONSAbstractNicoleta OLTENACU, Ctlin Viorel OLTENACUUniversity of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest,59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464, Bucharest, RomaniaCorresponding author email: nicoleta_oltenacu@yahoo.comMaking a modern fruit growing cannot be conceived without providing a corresponding hydric regime that fruit speciesneed. Even in areas with abundant precipitation should be taken into account that they are unevenly distributedthroughout the growing season and that there are critical moments in which trees need to consume water. Low humidityand lack of water can harm large harvest this year or next year to the fruit formation. Taking into account this aspect,in the present study, we wanted to put out the effects of application of modern methods of water located on thebehaviour of apple fruit valuable in terms of the south-eastern Romania, where are encountered optimal cultureconditions and find the best recommendations for production. The content of this paper is based on research,observations, experiments, extensive research of issues prioritized and data processing including the whole range ofissues, starting from the foundation of the application irrigation necessity. As a result, the entire work is based almostexclusively on research findings on the effect of irrigation and fertilization level on apple at Moara Domneasca farmconditions.Factor A-variety: Generos and Florina. Factor B-irrigation norms: non irrigated witness; drop 2 litres /hour; drop 4 litres / hour. FactorC-fertilization levels: 2,5 kilo Megasol or 5 kilo Megasol.The irrigation level resultedin production increases and bonuses obtained as very significant statistically for the two levels of irrigation applied.The highest yields were recorded in variants where rules were applied 4 l / h, with production increases of 40.1%, andincreases the harvest of 5.52 t / ha.Key words: drip irrigation, fertilization, harvest, water norms, varieties.INTRODUCTIONgrowth exaggerated of the shoots and directingthe assimilated towards the fruits (Atkinson D.,Making a modern fruit growing cannot be1977).conceived without providing a hydric systemEven in areas where there is 600-700 mmthat corresponds to the needs of the fruitannual rainfall, water scarcity is need to bespecies. Even in areas with heavy rainfallcover from July through September, orshould be noted that these are distributedsometime in the spring, in March-April, beforeunevenly throughout the growing season andand during flowering and autumn, in Octoberthat there are critical moments in which treesduring intensive growth roots. Over time, waterneed to consume water (Rzekanowski C.,saving problem has become increasinglyRolbiecki S., 2000). Low humidity and lack ofimportant higher with global climate change,water can harm large crop of fruit in the currentrising among other issues also that of theyear or of the fruit formation in the next yearreduction and rationalization of water use for(Cohen D., 1993).irrigation (Popescu M., Godeanu I.,1989).Currently, irrigation is necessary to beBearing this in mind, the present study, weunderstood, according to the principles ofaimed to emphasize the effects of localizedintegrated fruit crops as a highly effective toolapplication of modern methods of water, overfor regulating the activity of vegetative andthe behavior of two valuable apple varieties, inproductive trees (Botu I., Botu M., 2003). It isthe south-eastern Romania conditions, whereknown that a mild water stress has the effect ofare encountered optimal conditions of culture.picking the fruit bud differentiationThe research objective is to observe what is thephenomenon. Also, reducing excessiveimpact of localized irrigation application onwatering result a decrease of the vegetativefruitfulness and establishing recommendations93
for production of localized irrigation on appleapplication in the in the south-eastern RomaniaconditionsMATERIALS AND METHODSThe entire work is based on the results ofpersonal research on the effect of appleirrigation in Moara Domneasca Farmconditions.Researches to develop this work wereconducted in 2008-2011 period. Relief localityis included in the Romanian Plain, Vlasiei Plainsubdivision, in the transition from steppe toforest area. The general relief is flat withnumerous small bumps and depressions, calleddales, of different shapes and sizes.Groundwater is at different depths from 6 m to10 m, depending on the terrain. In 2008, theaccumulated rainfall was 378 mm, in 2009 was559,4 mm, in 2010 was 494,8 mm and in 2011was 288 mm. All values are below the 50-yearannual average of 548.0 mm.The soil type at the Moara Domneasca Farm isreddish brown (preluvosoil), softness subtype.To achieve the objectives, it was imposed anorganization of some tri factorial typeexperiences with the following experimentalfactors:Factor A-variety: Generos and Florina.Factor B-irrigation norms: non irrigatedwitness; drop 2 litres / hour; drop 4 litres /hour.Factor C-fertilization levels: 2,5 kilo Megasolor 5 kilo Megasol.Drip irrigation was started from March 20,administering it daily, for 4 hours. In periodswhere there were registered rainfalls, theirrigation was discontinued. In general, thenumber of watering recommended is 2-5.Fertilization consisted of Megasol productadministration, which is a soluble fertilizerdesigned specifically for use in advancedirrigation systems, especially through the drip,and foliar and basic fertilization. On fruit treeswere applied 5 splashes using the dosesmentioned above.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSThe influence of the variety on theproduction of applesTable 1. The Influence of the variety on the productionof apples, average of 2008-2011Prod.Varietyt/ha% Dif. t/ha Signif.Generous 16,53 100,1 0,02 -Florina 16,49 99,9 -0,02 -Average 16,51 100 - MtDl 5% = 0,244 t / ha Dl 1% = 0,563 t / ha Dl 0,1% =1,791 t / haTo analyze the influence of the variety onproduction, we have established as term ofcomparison-stander-by the average productionof the two analyzed varieties, 16,51 t/ha.The Generous variety achieved a production of16,53 t/ha, at a non-significant difference (0,02t/ha) compared to the stander-by.Florina variety enrolled with a production of16,49 t/ha, at a non-significant differencecompared to the stander-by, but negative.We can say that the varieties have a similargenetic potential production (Table 1)The influence of the drip irrigation levels onthe production of applesTable 2. The Influence of the drip irrigation levels on theproduction of apples, average of 2008-2011Irrigation normProd.t/ha%Diff.t/haSignif.Non-irrigated 13,75 100 - Mt2 l/h 16,51 120,1 2,76 ***4 l/h 19,27 140,1 5,52 ***DL 5% = 0,140 t/ha DL 1% = 0,203 t/ha DL 0,1% =0,305 t/haAs shown in Table 2., the irrigation leveldetermined increases of the yields obtained andincreases statistically confirmed as highlysignificant for the two levels of irrigationapplied.Compared to the control (irrigated) productionstandards achieved at 2 l/h were 20,1% higher,which means an increase of 2,76 t/ha, verysignificant.An increase of 5,52 t/ha was recorded also atthe irrigated variant with 4 l/h, which means anadditional crop of 40,1%.The influence of the level of fertilization onthe production of apples94
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SCIENTIFIC PAPERSSERIES B. HORTICUL
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Bekir Erol AK
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Fructification - Florin Constantin
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Phenological Studies on Some Variet
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Scientific Papers. Series B, Hortic
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Table 2. The organoleptic appreciat
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processes become even slower and th
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- usingselectedbacteriafromm Leucon
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To organoleptic analysis of the win
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works were pickling the cucumbers i
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days after removal of weeds by burn
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it appears that the culture has gro
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Maintainance of the genetic structu
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Table 3. Interaction variety of dwa
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Experimental scheme is situated in
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improvement especially laboratory s
Page 43 and 44: Table 1 shows the type 2x3x2 trifac
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Page 47 and 48: Experience consisted of the followi
Page 49 and 50: Table 7. Total production on plantV
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Page 53 and 54: Table 4. Structure and number and r
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Page 58 and 59: gets serious role through the ferme
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Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Indicative data on volumes
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Page 104: Conclusions on changes in chemicalc
Page 107 and 108: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSRaspberry is
Page 109 and 110: CONCLUSIONSAs a result of scientifi
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Page 118 and 119: content, A-acidity content) to the
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Page 124 and 125: Figure 2. DryerFigure 3. Programmer
Page 126 and 127: Appearance of the apricots after 5
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F1 - + infectedF2 - + infectedF3 +
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HORTICULTURALBIODIVERSITY ANDGENETI
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFruit charac
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The chorology maps of Artemisia alb
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Figure 5. Chorology of Artemisia le
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Molecular differentiation showed a
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The characterization of the grapevi
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Figure 4. Amino acid profile of the
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Table 4. The significance of differ
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The studied phenophases (table 1),
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REFERENCESCapusan Janina, 2013. Rez
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Neoaliturus fenestratus Herrich-Sch
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occurrence in western part of Roman
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Pop 3 = Population 3 obtained by cr
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well adapted in our country, and th
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Variations in acidity of the variet
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grape. Analele Universitatii din Cr
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Flow cytometry has proved to be an
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cell nuclei, using chromosome count
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Figure 1. Prekos F1Figure 4. Prekos
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Interpretation of the results conce
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Photo 1- Redhaven (Control)The Roma
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Dry matter (determinate refractomet
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was evaluated by using a large-size
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During the growing season have been
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Likewise, vitamin C content of ‘G
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Figure 2. Air temperature (°C) in
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REFERENCESAnconelli S., Antolini G.
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Taking into the account these and t
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postharvest decays in fruits and ve
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manure semifermentated. In vegetati
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Figure 1. Prima Cl. 1022 varietyThe
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temperature required for a differen
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MATERIALS AND METHODSTo accomplish
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climate (IH4), becomes for this yea
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quantities of sugar accumulated in
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ibosomal to investigate 13 species
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Biogeography of Genus MangiferaTwo
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productionand uses. Center for trop
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analysis of variance to express the
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highlighted by a correlation coeffi
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without heat and in open field. Cro
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ut the fruit had a reduced number o
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Genetic autochthonous heritage wasi
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Table 1. The main characteristics o
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Data were subjected to statistical
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Also, the dry biomass and root leng
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“Clapp’s Favorite” in 2011 wh
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2012 the order was “Conference”
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microspore to mature pollen, determ
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microspores at certain date. Micros
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viin utilizate ca genitori potentia
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The objective of this paper, is to
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Table 1. Relationship between germi
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Figure 2. Tassels lengthIn case of
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ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,DESIGN ANDLANDSCA
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of Chisinau, also the old parks. Fo
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y cambium on the very center - meth
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flower is fully colored. Postharves
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Results from table 8 shows that Mar
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Pinus sylvestris ‘Gold Coin’, R
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Figure 4. Excelsa (H 18/1)Descripti
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Figure 1. Plants in cellular trays
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espectively 69%, followed by hybrid
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observations made on the plants of
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The values of pH diminished in all
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Figure 5. Content of total soluble
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Figure 1. Plan of Bran domain (Ion
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Carol the second, her brother, on h
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Figure 14. Tea house in the natural
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Cults, and in conformity with the c
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consult the scientific novelties an
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,,The restoration is the methodolog
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MATERIALS AND METHODSThe chorology
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Merce, 2011; Zamfirescu, 2010) (IAS
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experiment because it shows and ill
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among all the administrations, exce
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solution known as AKN. Content: pot
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As shown in the figure, Chrysal is
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MotivationsOfferprospectingCustomer
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conclude the presented case, with k
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Also, comparative studies, concerni
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done before. Also the speed of the
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as Marcellus theatre or Trajan foru
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ian regime, by huge contradictions
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Pyongyang, the hidden cityThe capit
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“ordinary” buildings as the gen
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- The Writer’s Rotunda“The cons
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Figure 4. Vegetation planRegarding
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Figure 9. BenchesVasesThere are 4 k
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REFERENCESPanoiu A., 2011, Evolutia
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSResults of t
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Figure 5. Average growth rate of
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In 2012 there were higher onset tem
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fact that root injuries is the majo
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We recommend that the species and c
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and parameters of quality. The phys
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AESTHETICALLEVEL OFAPPROACHLEVEL OF
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REFERENCESArchibugi F., 1997. The E
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Figure 1. Optimized version of comp
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CONCLUSIONSThe optimized version (F
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etween 182-212 g/l, the lowest valu
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CONCLUSIONSThis study showed that 2
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFor this pur
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according to quality class.The calc
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third party countries who wish to b
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Stakeholder comments concerned nota
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Figure 2. The „Eco-leaf” logo o
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identified to facilitate its tracea
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- Analysis reports;This document ma
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Table 1. Sampling procedures applic
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Table 2. Example of sampling proced
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should be 5 kg.” According to thi
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One of the first and simplest condi
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of RIN transcription factor in ethy
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oriented towards the centre of the
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Figure 5. Macroscopic view of the c
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Related to the process of the evolu
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efore it is printed using the main
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Imposition of the pot is done every
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Figure 8. Test of Strength Vetiver
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Table 3 defines LSD test for genoty
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