Scientific Papers Series B Horticulture

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Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture. Vol. LVII, 2013Print ISSN 2285-5653, CD-ROM ISSN 2285-5661, Online ISSN 2286-1580, ISSN-L 2285-5653THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF SIX PEAR CULTIVARS UNDERTHE “TRIDENT” TRAINING SYSTEM IN SOUTH-EAST OF ROMANIAAbstractIuliu CEAN, Florin STNICUniversity of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Blvd. Mrti,Bucharest, 011464, Bucharest, RomaniaCorresponding author email: iuliucean@yahoo.comNew orchards are heading to increase the planting density per hectare or to create an increased number of productivestructures (scaffolds, axes, etc.) per surface unit. One way to accomplish the second task is to divide the growth vigorover more branches. This goal can be achieved by new tree training systems asthree-axis shape called “Trident”“Candelabro”, “Chandelier” or “Candlestick”. A replicated trial was established in the orchard of the University ofAgronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest to evaluate the behavior of some self-rooted pear cultivarson “Trident” training system. The orchard spacing was 4 X 2.0 m and studied varieties were Abbé Fétel, Conference,Clapp’s Favorite, Max Red Bartlett, Beurré Bosc and Alexander Lucas. The trunk diameter, total annual shoot lengthand shoot number, tree height and other growth parameters were measured annually at the beginning of growingseason. The obtained results indicate differences between varieties. The greatest values for height tree were registeredin Abbé Fétel variety in both season and the lowest values for Clapp’s Favorite variety in 2011 and Max Red Bartlettvariety in 2012.The data referring to trunk cross section pointed out very significant positive differences at Abbé Fételand significant positive differences in case of “Conference” variety from average used as control in 2011. In 2012, twovarieties showed significant positive differences from the average experience, respectively Conference and Max RedBartlett.In 2011 varieties Conference, Abbé Fétel and Max Red Bartlett produced more long shoots than the averageof trial and in 2012 the varieties mentioned above and Beurré Bosc” formed long shoots more thanthe average.Key words: orchard system, self-rooted trees, tree growth.INTRODUCTIONTree architecture is an important aspect for thebreeders having regard that growth vigour andspecific type of growth andfructification affects directly the number oftrees/unit of area. The need to reduce bothpruning costs and the use of growth regulatorschanged the objectives of researches mainly inoptimization of training methods based onnatural tree habit (Lauri et. al., 2000). There arenumerous technical and organizationalinnovations (cultivars, rootstocks, croppingtechniques and defense techniques) that affectthe whole life of an orchard (Galli et al., 2011).Two aspects, trees cultivated on their own rootsand “Trident” training system were the subjectof our study.The use of self-rooted cultivars has had a greatsuccess in pear in the last decade. It offers thepossibility to obtain high quality yields and itis good technique that can be extend in pearorchard (Stanica et al., 2000). It also couldprovide some tolerance to disease, especiallyfire blight (Erwinia amylovora) (Spornbergeret. al., 2008).The “Trident” system proposes a centralleader and two side branches that are trainedvertically that means finally the tree presentthree leaders (Vercammen, 2011). Distributingvegetation over three axes induces less vigoursince tree sends nutrients responsible withgrowth in three axes instead of one. As bi-axissystem “Trident” system is based on the sameconcept and the same effects, such as: a goodexposure of fruit to sunlight, reducing treeheight, reduction of cultural practices, less useof growth regulators, considerable speeding ofharvest and pruning should appear (Dorigoni,2008). The aim of the present work was tostudy the behavior of six self-rooted pearvarieties in terms of vegetative growth of thetrees.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted between 2011-2012in a modern pear orchard located in Bucharest261
area of latitude 26.5 degree East and longitude44.3 degree North. The altitude is about 90 mabove the sea level.The plant material used in this study includedself-rooted cultivars “Abbé Fétel”, “Max RedBartlett”, “Conference”, “Beurré Bosc”,“Alexander Lucas”, “Clapp’s Favorite”.Spacing between rows was 4 m and in the row2 m, the trees being leaded as “Trident” leadingform. A randomized block design for eachcultivar in tree replications with three trees perplot was set-up.There were used two support systems, onenamely T 4- wire with galvanized wire (figure1) and the other with two wire and threebamboo tutors/tree (figure 2). Figure 1. T-4 wire support systemFigure 2. Two wire and three bamboo tutorsThe existing drip irrigation system on eachrows provides 2l/hour water. It consist ofcontinuous dripping line and individualdrippers every 0.5.m.The soil is typical brown-reddish with 40%clay content in the surface layer.The average annual temperature is 10.6C andannual sum of precipitation is 574.3 mm.Measurements were carried out at thebeginning of each season, early in the spring,with roulette and caliper and results wereexpressed in cm.The trunk thickness was measured at 50 cmabove ground and was used to calculate thetrunk cross sectional area. Also were measured:tree height, the total length and/or number ofvegetative shoots. Total shoots were measuredor counted and classified as vegetative shootsor flowering shoots. Some data were processedwith variance analysis and t-test was applied.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSTo assure stability of system in ground wasThe growing vigour of the trees cultivated inused classical anchorage system and on the rowhigh density system shows us that between theevery 10 meters, concrete espaliers werepear varieties have appeared differencesplaced.regarding the trunk thickness growth, the heightThe alleyways were cultivated with perennialsof trees and transversal cross section.and were mowed mechanical in the growingThe trunk is an important element whichseason. On tree row the soil was maintainedcharacterizes the tree vigour and it is analyzedclean of weed by hand and mechanicaland correlated with a series of other biometricalcultivation.process and indices (Comanescu et al., 2012).The analysis of tree height values among thevarieties showed that tree height was lowest in262
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SCIENTIFIC PAPERSSERIES B. HORTICUL
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Bekir Erol AK
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Fructification - Florin Constantin
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Phenological Studies on Some Variet
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Scientific Papers. Series B, Hortic
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Table 2. The organoleptic appreciat
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processes become even slower and th
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- usingselectedbacteriafromm Leucon
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To organoleptic analysis of the win
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works were pickling the cucumbers i
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days after removal of weeds by burn
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it appears that the culture has gro
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Maintainance of the genetic structu
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Table 3. Interaction variety of dwa
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Experimental scheme is situated in
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improvement especially laboratory s
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Table 1 shows the type 2x3x2 trifac
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Neamtu G., Gheorghe Campeanu, Carme
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Experience consisted of the followi
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Table 7. Total production on plantV
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vineyard, several methods were used
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Table 4. Structure and number and r
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gets serious role through the ferme
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Table 3. Element content of the ber
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Figure 4. The length of internodes
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The process of fruit forming was de
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Compomist F1 hybrid reaches value o
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Figure 2. Experimental results repr
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and total number of tubers per plan
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and quality of organic potatoes for
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Petri dishes, the pathogenic fungi
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Variant 4R 2 11.0 4.0 15.0 7.0 22.0
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Analyzing the dynamics of the total
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Table 2. Indicative data on volumes
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Table 3. The Influence of the level
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Table 8. The Influence of irrigatio
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Figure 1. The aspect of apples from
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Conclusions on changes in chemicalc
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSRaspberry is
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CONCLUSIONSAs a result of scientifi
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observations were made on phenologi
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Figure 1. Flowering period and blac
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content, A-acidity content) to the
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sugar accumulated in grapes and 1,0
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Figure 2. DryerFigure 3. Programmer
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Appearance of the apricots after 5
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where: P F represent the coordinate
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Table 2. The production obtained at
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As shown in figures 5 and 6 the vit
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At two weeks from planting it was a
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If we take into account the both fa
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F1 - + infectedF2 - + infectedF3 +
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HORTICULTURALBIODIVERSITY ANDGENETI
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFruit charac
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The chorology maps of Artemisia alb
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Figure 5. Chorology of Artemisia le
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Molecular differentiation showed a
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The characterization of the grapevi
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Figure 4. Amino acid profile of the
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Table 4. The significance of differ
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The studied phenophases (table 1),
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REFERENCESCapusan Janina, 2013. Rez
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Neoaliturus fenestratus Herrich-Sch
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occurrence in western part of Roman
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Pop 3 = Population 3 obtained by cr
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well adapted in our country, and th
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Variations in acidity of the variet
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grape. Analele Universitatii din Cr
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Flow cytometry has proved to be an
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cell nuclei, using chromosome count
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Figure 1. Prekos F1Figure 4. Prekos
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Interpretation of the results conce
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Photo 1- Redhaven (Control)The Roma
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Dry matter (determinate refractomet
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was evaluated by using a large-size
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During the growing season have been
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Page 216 and 217: Figure 2. Air temperature (°C) in
Page 218: REFERENCESAnconelli S., Antolini G.
Page 221 and 222: Taking into the account these and t
Page 223 and 224: postharvest decays in fruits and ve
Page 225 and 226: manure semifermentated. In vegetati
Page 227 and 228: Figure 1. Prima Cl. 1022 varietyThe
Page 229 and 230: temperature required for a differen
Page 231 and 232: MATERIALS AND METHODSTo accomplish
Page 233 and 234: climate (IH4), becomes for this yea
Page 235 and 236: quantities of sugar accumulated in
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Page 239 and 240: Biogeography of Genus MangiferaTwo
Page 241 and 242: productionand uses. Center for trop
Page 243 and 244: analysis of variance to express the
Page 245 and 246: highlighted by a correlation coeffi
Page 247 and 248: without heat and in open field. Cro
Page 249 and 250: ut the fruit had a reduced number o
Page 251 and 252: Genetic autochthonous heritage wasi
Page 253 and 254: Table 1. The main characteristics o
Page 258 and 259: Data were subjected to statistical
Page 260 and 261: Also, the dry biomass and root leng
Page 264 and 265: “Clapp’s Favorite” in 2011 wh
Page 266: 2012 the order was “Conference”
Page 269 and 270: microspore to mature pollen, determ
Page 271 and 272: microspores at certain date. Micros
Page 273 and 274: viin utilizate ca genitori potentia
Page 275 and 276: The objective of this paper, is to
Page 277 and 278: Table 1. Relationship between germi
Page 282 and 283: Figure 2. Tassels lengthIn case of
Page 284: ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,DESIGN ANDLANDSCA
Page 287 and 288: of Chisinau, also the old parks. Fo
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Page 291 and 292: flower is fully colored. Postharves
Page 293 and 294: Results from table 8 shows that Mar
Page 298 and 299: Pinus sylvestris ‘Gold Coin’, R
Page 302 and 303: Figure 4. Excelsa (H 18/1)Descripti
Page 306 and 307: Figure 1. Plants in cellular trays
Page 308: espectively 69%, followed by hybrid
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The values of pH diminished in all
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Figure 5. Content of total soluble
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Figure 1. Plan of Bran domain (Ion
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Carol the second, her brother, on h
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Figure 14. Tea house in the natural
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Cults, and in conformity with the c
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consult the scientific novelties an
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,,The restoration is the methodolog
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MATERIALS AND METHODSThe chorology
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Merce, 2011; Zamfirescu, 2010) (IAS
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experiment because it shows and ill
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among all the administrations, exce
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solution known as AKN. Content: pot
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As shown in the figure, Chrysal is
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MotivationsOfferprospectingCustomer
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conclude the presented case, with k
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Also, comparative studies, concerni
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done before. Also the speed of the
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as Marcellus theatre or Trajan foru
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ian regime, by huge contradictions
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Pyongyang, the hidden cityThe capit
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“ordinary” buildings as the gen
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- The Writer’s Rotunda“The cons
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Figure 4. Vegetation planRegarding
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Figure 9. BenchesVasesThere are 4 k
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REFERENCESPanoiu A., 2011, Evolutia
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSResults of t
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Figure 5. Average growth rate of
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In 2012 there were higher onset tem
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fact that root injuries is the majo
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We recommend that the species and c
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and parameters of quality. The phys
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AESTHETICALLEVEL OFAPPROACHLEVEL OF
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REFERENCESArchibugi F., 1997. The E
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Figure 1. Optimized version of comp
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CONCLUSIONSThe optimized version (F
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etween 182-212 g/l, the lowest valu
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CONCLUSIONSThis study showed that 2
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFor this pur
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according to quality class.The calc
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third party countries who wish to b
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Stakeholder comments concerned nota
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Figure 2. The „Eco-leaf” logo o
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identified to facilitate its tracea
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- Analysis reports;This document ma
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Table 1. Sampling procedures applic
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Table 2. Example of sampling proced
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should be 5 kg.” According to thi
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One of the first and simplest condi
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of RIN transcription factor in ethy
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oriented towards the centre of the
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Figure 5. Macroscopic view of the c
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Related to the process of the evolu
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efore it is printed using the main
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Imposition of the pot is done every
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Figure 8. Test of Strength Vetiver
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Table 3 defines LSD test for genoty
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