Scientific Papers Series B Horticulture

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Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture. Vol. LVII, 2013Print ISSN 2285-5653, CD-ROM ISSN 2285-5661, Online ISSN 2286-1580, ISSN-L 2285-5653THE EFFECT OF CONTAINER TYPE AND SOIL SUBSTRATES ONGROWTH AND ESTABLISHMENT OF SELECTED LANDSCAPE TREESHani AL-ZALZALEHAridland Agriculture Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O.Box:24885, Safat,13109, Safat, KuwaitAbstractCorresponding author email: ahr96ha@yahoo.comRoot coiling and spiraling are the problems faced by the nurserymen for producing quality tree seedlings forlandscaping. The effects of various container types and substrate interactions on plant growth, and the influence ofcontainer type on post transplanting in the desert environment were investigated. Two arid- region plant species knownfor producing deep taproots (Acacia saligna and Eucalyptus viminalis) were selected for the study. Conventionalnursery pots were compared with root trainers and spring rings to determine the root growth and architecture. Resultsshowed that Acacia plants grown in spring rings showed significant increased plant height where as conventional potsgive highest root weight and as a consequence produced greater plant biomass. Clear trends for Eucalyptus was lessobvious, but tended to contrast with the findings for Acacia. Studies on the effect of combination of organic soil andcontainer type revealed that Eucalyptus plants grown in conventional containers have the highest plant growth. Amongthe soil mixes, Eucalyptus grown in 100% clay soil had a greater leaf area. When the plants were transplanted into anarid landscape, the plants grown in the spring rings distributed in all directions in the soil, and this habit is likely to aidthe tree in future. In this study, the results showed that container type could affect the aerial parts but this depends onthe plant species. Results demonstrated that spring rings reduce harmful root biomass (encircling roots) and encourageroot primordia. Differences in root and shoot growth resulting from the use of a range of growing media did not seemto interact with container type. The effect of the spring ring on plants grown in the landscape was obvious visually inthe short term but not apparent from growth quantification.Key words: arid, containers, landscaping, root trainers, spring rings.INTRODUCTIONDevelopment of management strategies thatpotentially promote rapid post-transplant rootgrowth is the key to successful seedlingestablishment. The urbanization demands hugequantity of diversified quality plantingmaterials, growing medium and the plantcontainers. Moreover, with the introduction ofindoor and miniature gardens different types ofcontainers and soil mixes are found to beessential for the proper growth of the plants.Plants grown in conventional containers for toolong often have deformed roots that are kinkedor grow along the sides or bottom of the rootball. Root restriction is an inherent problemwith container grown trees (Arnold, 1996).Delay in transplanting from a conventionalcontainer to the landscape increases the chanceof developing poor root architecture. Manyalternative container types have been designedto reduce the incidence of deformed roots(Gilman et al., 2003). The important factor indeciding an improved container is to prevent255the development of a few dominant roots, andso produce a fibrous root system on all sidesthat holds the root ball together (Mullan andWhite, 2002). The longevity of individuallycontainer grown trees depends on containervolume, dimensions and the container shape.Container type (Sutherland and Day, 1988) andcontainer dimension (Schuch and Pittenger,1996; Nesmith and Duval, 1998) also have amarked effect on root and plant growth(Handreck and Black, 1984). In a work onEucalyptus camaldulensis, Ngulube (1989) findthat seedling growth increases with plantingtube size.Soil physics also interacts with rootarchitecture. The physical property of the soildetermines the growth of the root system(Cockroft and Wallbrink, 1966). Roots tend toelongate more in a sandy soil whereas they areshort and more branched in a loamy soil (Perry,1982; Muthana et al., 1984). When the physicalfactors experienced by container grown plantsare compared to landscape destination, the
performance of the container plants might beimproved in long term. The growing mediatexture could affect plant growth since it willcontrol moisture, aeration and nutrients(Awang and Hamzah, 1986). The rate andpattern of root growth in the soil vary with thephysical, chemical, and microbiologicalproperties of soil (Brown and Scott, 1984). Thephysical properties of the soil can modify rootdiameter, development of root hairs and thebranching pattern of lateral roots (Lucas, 1987).However the interaction between the containersize and soil substrates is less well understoodand less frequently studied.Considering the massive greenery activity inKuwait, it is important to produce plants withquality characteristics, and with no initialdeformation in their root system. To achievethis objective, suitable plants as well as the bestpossible production technologies foroptimization of greenery enhancement is to bedeveloped (Bhat, 1997; Taha et al., 1988).Poorly formed root systems may disruptmanagement objectives and cause unplannedmaintenance expenses. The development, size,form and function of root systems arecontrolled by environmental and managementconditions that modify the expression ofcharacteristics (Harris, 1992). The findings ofthis study are likely to help landscape engineersand environmentalists.The present study tries to understand theeffectiveness of alternative containers anddifferent soils on tree growth. Evaluation ofdifferent containers on plant growth aftertransplanting in the field at a desertenvironment was also studied.MATERIALS AND METHODSExperiment no.1The first two experiments were conducted at agreenhouse of Plant Sciences Department,University of Reading, United Kingdom withan average daily maximum temperature of34°C and a minimum of 18°C. The Seedsobtained from Chiltern Seeds Company weregerminated in plug trays. The dimension ofeach cell in the tray was 3.7x5.5x1.5 cm. Threeweeks after germination, seedlings weretransplanted into the treatment containers filledwith SHL potting mixture. Conventionalnursery plastic pots (4.5x9x3cm) were256compared with root trainers (4x10x3cm), andspring rings (3.5x10x3.5cm). Every week eachcontainer was turned 90 degrees so that lightlevels around each plant were relatively even.After fifteen weeks, plants were harvested andrecorded the data. The number of leaves perplant was counted and leaf area was measuredwith an automatic leaf area meter (Delta TDevices). Leaf and shoot fresh weight wastaken immediately after excision from plant.Leaf and shoot dry weights were recorded. Dryweight for leaf and shoot was determined afterdrying for 72 hours at 80°C. Shoot height fromthe soil level to the tip was recorded. The freshand dry weight of the root and the root lengthwas also measured. The experiment was laidout in a randomized design with five plants pertreatment. Three blocks consisted of threetreatments with five replications, giving a totalof 45 replicates for each experimentExperiment no; 2A total of 120 uniform seedlings were chosenfor the trial. The container treatments wereConventional pots, Spring rings and Roottrainers where as clay 100%, sand 100%,sand85% and clay 15%, sand 70% and clay 30%,sand 55% and clay 45 were the soil seriestreatments. Throughout the study, containerswere rotated and excess bottom roots wereclipped to maintain root growth within thecontainers. The time gap between the twodestructive harvests was five months. Theexperiment was laid as a completelyrandomized design with eight replications.Experiment no. 3Eucalyptus seedlings grown in UnitedKingdom were air shipped to Kuwait and wasexperimented at Salmiya waterfront experimentstation. Spring rings, Root trainers, and Roundcontainers were used as treatments. Thedimensions were 3.5x10x3.5cm, 4x10x3 cmand 3.5x10x3.5cm respectively for Springrings, Root trainers, and Round containers. Theplants remained in the containers for ninemonths and then transplanted into an open fieldin a randomized block design at a spacing of3x3 m. Destructive harvesting took place aftera year. All plants were carefully dug up fromthe field and the soil particles were washed off.Fine sieves were used to prevent any loss ofroot biomass.
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SCIENTIFIC PAPERSSERIES B. HORTICUL
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Bekir Erol AK
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Fructification - Florin Constantin
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Phenological Studies on Some Variet
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Scientific Papers. Series B, Hortic
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Table 2. The organoleptic appreciat
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processes become even slower and th
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- usingselectedbacteriafromm Leucon
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To organoleptic analysis of the win
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works were pickling the cucumbers i
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days after removal of weeds by burn
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it appears that the culture has gro
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Maintainance of the genetic structu
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Table 3. Interaction variety of dwa
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Experimental scheme is situated in
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improvement especially laboratory s
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Table 1 shows the type 2x3x2 trifac
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Neamtu G., Gheorghe Campeanu, Carme
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Experience consisted of the followi
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Table 7. Total production on plantV
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vineyard, several methods were used
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Table 4. Structure and number and r
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gets serious role through the ferme
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Table 3. Element content of the ber
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Figure 4. The length of internodes
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The process of fruit forming was de
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Compomist F1 hybrid reaches value o
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Figure 2. Experimental results repr
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and total number of tubers per plan
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and quality of organic potatoes for
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Petri dishes, the pathogenic fungi
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Variant 4R 2 11.0 4.0 15.0 7.0 22.0
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Analyzing the dynamics of the total
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Table 2. Indicative data on volumes
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Table 3. The Influence of the level
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Table 8. The Influence of irrigatio
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Figure 1. The aspect of apples from
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Conclusions on changes in chemicalc
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSRaspberry is
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CONCLUSIONSAs a result of scientifi
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observations were made on phenologi
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Figure 1. Flowering period and blac
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content, A-acidity content) to the
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sugar accumulated in grapes and 1,0
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Figure 2. DryerFigure 3. Programmer
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Appearance of the apricots after 5
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where: P F represent the coordinate
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Table 2. The production obtained at
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As shown in figures 5 and 6 the vit
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At two weeks from planting it was a
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If we take into account the both fa
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F1 - + infectedF2 - + infectedF3 +
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HORTICULTURALBIODIVERSITY ANDGENETI
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFruit charac
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The chorology maps of Artemisia alb
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Figure 5. Chorology of Artemisia le
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Molecular differentiation showed a
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The characterization of the grapevi
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Figure 4. Amino acid profile of the
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Table 4. The significance of differ
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The studied phenophases (table 1),
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REFERENCESCapusan Janina, 2013. Rez
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Neoaliturus fenestratus Herrich-Sch
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occurrence in western part of Roman
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Pop 3 = Population 3 obtained by cr
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well adapted in our country, and th
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Variations in acidity of the variet
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grape. Analele Universitatii din Cr
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Flow cytometry has proved to be an
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cell nuclei, using chromosome count
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Figure 1. Prekos F1Figure 4. Prekos
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Interpretation of the results conce
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Photo 1- Redhaven (Control)The Roma
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Dry matter (determinate refractomet
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was evaluated by using a large-size
Page 206 and 207: Scientific Papers. Series B, Hortic
Page 208 and 209: During the growing season have been
Page 212 and 213: Likewise, vitamin C content of ‘G
Page 216 and 217: Figure 2. Air temperature (°C) in
Page 218: REFERENCESAnconelli S., Antolini G.
Page 221 and 222: Taking into the account these and t
Page 223 and 224: postharvest decays in fruits and ve
Page 225 and 226: manure semifermentated. In vegetati
Page 227 and 228: Figure 1. Prima Cl. 1022 varietyThe
Page 229 and 230: temperature required for a differen
Page 231 and 232: MATERIALS AND METHODSTo accomplish
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Page 235 and 236: quantities of sugar accumulated in
Page 237 and 238: ibosomal to investigate 13 species
Page 239 and 240: Biogeography of Genus MangiferaTwo
Page 241 and 242: productionand uses. Center for trop
Page 243 and 244: analysis of variance to express the
Page 245 and 246: highlighted by a correlation coeffi
Page 247 and 248: without heat and in open field. Cro
Page 249 and 250: ut the fruit had a reduced number o
Page 251 and 252: Genetic autochthonous heritage wasi
Page 253 and 254: Table 1. The main characteristics o
Page 258 and 259: Data were subjected to statistical
Page 260 and 261: Also, the dry biomass and root leng
Page 264 and 265: “Clapp’s Favorite” in 2011 wh
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Page 269 and 270: microspore to mature pollen, determ
Page 271 and 272: microspores at certain date. Micros
Page 273 and 274: viin utilizate ca genitori potentia
Page 275 and 276: The objective of this paper, is to
Page 277 and 278: Table 1. Relationship between germi
Page 282 and 283: Figure 2. Tassels lengthIn case of
Page 284: ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,DESIGN ANDLANDSCA
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Page 293 and 294: Results from table 8 shows that Mar
Page 298 and 299: Pinus sylvestris ‘Gold Coin’, R
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Figure 1. Plants in cellular trays
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espectively 69%, followed by hybrid
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observations made on the plants of
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The values of pH diminished in all
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Figure 5. Content of total soluble
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Figure 1. Plan of Bran domain (Ion
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Carol the second, her brother, on h
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Figure 14. Tea house in the natural
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Cults, and in conformity with the c
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consult the scientific novelties an
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,,The restoration is the methodolog
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MATERIALS AND METHODSThe chorology
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Merce, 2011; Zamfirescu, 2010) (IAS
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experiment because it shows and ill
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among all the administrations, exce
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solution known as AKN. Content: pot
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As shown in the figure, Chrysal is
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MotivationsOfferprospectingCustomer
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conclude the presented case, with k
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Also, comparative studies, concerni
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done before. Also the speed of the
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as Marcellus theatre or Trajan foru
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ian regime, by huge contradictions
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Pyongyang, the hidden cityThe capit
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“ordinary” buildings as the gen
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- The Writer’s Rotunda“The cons
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Figure 4. Vegetation planRegarding
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Figure 9. BenchesVasesThere are 4 k
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REFERENCESPanoiu A., 2011, Evolutia
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSResults of t
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Figure 5. Average growth rate of
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In 2012 there were higher onset tem
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fact that root injuries is the majo
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We recommend that the species and c
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and parameters of quality. The phys
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AESTHETICALLEVEL OFAPPROACHLEVEL OF
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REFERENCESArchibugi F., 1997. The E
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Figure 1. Optimized version of comp
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CONCLUSIONSThe optimized version (F
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etween 182-212 g/l, the lowest valu
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CONCLUSIONSThis study showed that 2
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFor this pur
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according to quality class.The calc
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third party countries who wish to b
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Stakeholder comments concerned nota
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Figure 2. The „Eco-leaf” logo o
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identified to facilitate its tracea
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- Analysis reports;This document ma
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Table 1. Sampling procedures applic
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Table 2. Example of sampling proced
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should be 5 kg.” According to thi
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One of the first and simplest condi
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of RIN transcription factor in ethy
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oriented towards the centre of the
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Figure 5. Macroscopic view of the c
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Related to the process of the evolu
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efore it is printed using the main
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Imposition of the pot is done every
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Figure 8. Test of Strength Vetiver
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Table 3 defines LSD test for genoty
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