Scientific Papers Series B Horticulture

Biogeography of Genus MangiferaTwo species of Mangifera from Thailand madegroup I: M. cochynsinensis and M. macrocarpa(gambar III.1), meanwhile M. laurina joint ingroup III. It reveals diversification amongspecies from Indonesian islands and Thailandespecially in M. laurina and M. macrocarpafrom Thailand and Indonesia.Phylogenetic analysis based on matK (Hidayatet al., 2011) in Mangifera also showsseparation between species which come fromdifferent geography. It may be caused bydifferent natural geographical condition sincemany years ago. So the sequences of DNA arechanged or mutated. Another hypothesis iscalculated from different variety of sample, yetthis hypothesis is weak.Phylogenetic relathionship and memberstatus of MangiferaSome closes species based on the phylogenetictree, are M. cochinshinensis and M.macrocarpa from Thailand. These species aregroup I. While in group II, M. caesia, M.aplanata, and M. altissima also had a closerelationship and sistergroup with M. indica.Relationship between M. altissima and M.applanata also close Mangifera phylogeneticbased on matK (Hidayat dkk, 2011). In groupIII, M. gedebe, M. similis, and M.macrocarpa closed and sister group with Mlaurina & M. longipes.Group III is similar to matK phylogenetic,otherwise M. macrocarpa in matK is Thailandsamples. Group IV, M. odorata, M. spp and M.casturi closed and sister group withM. foetida, beside M. laurina from Thailand isin group but outer than other.Relationship in phylogenetic based on rbcLsequences also reveals status of M. odorata andstatus M. longipes. Species of M. odorata is thehybride of M. indica and M. foetida (Hou,1978) . The conclusion does not directly agreewith that opinion, but our analyses reveal it ispossible. Not all the species (M. odorata,M.indica and M. foetida) are in one group. M.odorata and M. foetida are in one grup (groupIV), while both of them are separated with M.indica (group II).M. odorata and M. foetida also have closerelationship based on ITS marker (Yonemori etal., 2002). AFLP analysis in showing hybridstatus of M. odorata reveal that similarity index238between M. odorata and M. foetida is higherthan M. indica and M. odorata (Kiew et al.,2003; Teo et al., 2002). They indicate that M.odorata is hybrid result of M indica and Mfoetida, it was followed by backcrossing withM. foetida. So, it refers to be similar with M.foetida than M. indica.The next research using matK sequencesanalysis shows a different result. It shows thatM. odorata is closer to M. indica than M.foetida (Hidayat dkk, 2011). This differenceresult among rbcL gene, ITS and matK stillsupport hybrid status of M. odorata). It needsmore analysis using three combination of thatmarker to answer that controversial.Phylogenetic tree give information of M.longipes status. Species M. longipes in newerclassification of Mangifera is synonym with M.laurina. Species of M. longipes Griff spread inSumatera, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, LesserSunda island and Philipina (Hou, 1978).however M. laurina Blume is endemic speciesin Philippines archipelago and Selayar island(Sulawesi) with local name are Mangga Aer,Mangga parih and Apale/i (local name inPalawan island). Based on the analysis, it ispossible that both of them are different species.Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree using Neighbour Joiningmethods. Numbers on the nodes are bootstrap value in%and number bellow is genetic distance.