Scientific Papers Series B Horticulture

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Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture. Vol. LVII, 2013Print ISSN 2285-5653, CD-ROM ISSN 2285-5661, Online ISSN 2286-1580, ISSN-L 2285-5653A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF ETHYLENE MANAGEMENT TO EXTENDTHE SHELF LIFE OF TOMATOESElena DELIAN, Adrian CHIRA, Liliana BDULESCU, Lenua CHIRAUniversity of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest,59 Mrti Blvd., District 1, 011464, Bucharest, RomaniaCorresponding author email: delianelena@yahoo.comAbstractTomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most important vegetable cropsin the world of horticulturaleconomy, being commercially valuable worldwide, both for fresh and for processing markets. In addition, tomatorepresent a major research plant material, thus results obtained from its study can be applied to other plants of theSolanaceae family. It is a climacteric fruit, with a respiratory peak during their ripening process. Ethylene is one of themost important natural plant hormonethat regulates fruit ripening. Thus, ethylene biosynthesis management, especiallyduring postharvest period allow producers more time for shipment and increase the shelf life of tomato fruit forconsumers. Maximum tomato loss in quality and quantity occurs from harvesting to consumption. The problem of losscan be controlled by adapting suitable scientific methods of packing and storage and by establishment properlypostharvest management. One of the first and simplest conditions to influence the postharvest production of ethylenerefers to the handling practices and storage temperature. Some classical treatments as for instance, postharvestapplication of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) as one of ethylene action inhibitor is also successfully used. There arealso recent functional genomic studies in tomato. Integrating molecular approaches with conventional breeding mayenhance fruit quality and could significantly improve the postharvest shelf life of tomato.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, postharvest, ripening, shelf life.INTRODUCTIONThe postharvest losses of fruits and vegetablesin the developing countries account for almost50% of the production (Meli et al., 2010).Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is oneof the most important vegetable crop in theworld of horticultural economy (Upendra et al.,2003), being commercially valuable worldwide(Kimura and Sinha, 2008), both for fresh andfor processing markets (Opiyo and Ying,2005), not only because of its volume, but alsobecause of its overall contribution to nutrition,and its important role in human health (Agravaland Rao, 2000; Martinez-Madrid et al., 2007;Me et al., 2007). The nutrient value of tomatofruit is related to its composition incarbohydrates, organic acids, minerals,vitamins and pigments (Helyes, 1999; Nasrin etal., 2008; Mutari and Debbie, 2011). It is thesecond most widely grown vegetable crop inthe world other than the white potato (Hansonet al., 2001; Panthee and Chen, 2010).In addition, the tomato belongs to theextremely large family Solanaceae and isclosely related to many commercially important423plants such as potato, eggplant, peppers,tobacco, and petunias. Knowledge obtainedfrom its studies can be easily applied to theseplants, which makes tomato important researchmaterial. So, tomato serves as a modelorganism for the family Solanaceae, also amodel system for studying many aspects offruit biology, including development andmetabolism (Kimura and Sinha, 2008; Okabe etal., 2011; Xu et al., 2012), in part due to theavailability of well characterized ripeningmutants (Zhang et al., 2009). Tomato is aclimacteric, perishable vegetable fruit, with avery short life span, usually 2-3 weeks Anincrease in the storage life and improvement oftomato fruit quality is really desirable (Sammiand Masud, 2007). Ethylene synthesized by allhigher plants tissues is involved in regulatingmany growth and developmental processes inplants (Yang, 1985; Abeles et al., 1992) andconstitute an important regulator of fruitripening (Behboodian et al., 2012). Delayingthe fruit ripening process would allowproducers more time for shipment and increase
the shelf life of the fruit for consumers (Opiyoand Ying, 2005).Even if in the past appearance quality has beenemphasized, consumers buy tomatoes on thebasis of appearance and firmness, theirsatisfaction and repeat purchases depend upongood flavor quality (Kader, 1986).MATERIALS AND METHODSA literature search strategy was used, mainlyon the most recent scientific papers on therelationship between ethylene and fruit qualityof tomato, especially during post harvest, usingonline database Science Direct.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSGENERAL ASPECTS OF ETHYLENEBIOSYNTHESIS MANAGEMENTDURING FRUIT RIPENINGFruit ripening has received considerableattention due to its commercial importance(Yokotani et al., 2009).The control of fruitsripening is often achieved through earlyharvest, by controlling the postharvest storageatmosphere and by genetic selection for slow orlate ripening varieties (Oms-Oliu et al., 2011).It is know that ethylene function to promotemany aspects of ripening of many climactericfruits, including tomato (Abeles et al., 1992;Yokotani et al., 2009; Barry and Giovannoni,2007) and modulating its levels in thetransgenic plants, as regard as many biotic orabiotic stress factor is readily attainable for avariety of plants [(Stearns and Glick, 2003).Ethylene biosynthesis starts from methioninevia S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) havingas an intermediate the non-protein amino acid1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)(Adams and Yang, 1979). The conversion ofAdoMet to ACC and of ACC to ethylene isassured by ACC synthase and ACC oxidase,respectively (Kende, 1993).Ethylene regulation in climacteric and nonclimactericfruits is under control of twodistinct ethylene producing system defined byMcMurchie et al. (1972): system1(autoinhibitory) and system 2 (autocatalytic).System 1 control the low ethylene productionrate and represent basal ethylene in unripe fruitand vegetative tissues, while system 2 isassociated with the autocatalytic rise in424ethylene production as is the case of matureclimacteric fruits, too (Oetiker and Yang,1995). Fruit ripening and the role of ethylene inits regulation is complex. Therefore,understanding what controls these processes innon climacteric ripening may prove pertinent togaining full understanding of climacteric fruitripening and vice versa (Alexander andGrierson, 2002).Recently, Yokotani et al. (2009) proposed amodel to explain the transition from system 1to system 2. System 1 is produced viaLeACS1A and LeACS6, which are regulated bya negative feedback system, in the case ofabsence of exogenous ethylene and stress, viathe limited expression of LeACS2 and LeACS4,thus registering a limited increase of ethylenebiosynthesis. In a such situation, limitedethylene would play a role as a trigger tostimulate an ethylene burst due to the ethylenedependentexpression of LeACS2 and LeACS4,inducing fruit ripening. System 1 decreaseswith the onset of system 2, as LeACS6 isregulated by a negative feedback system;therefore, system 2 in tomato fruit consists ofboth ethylene-dependent (autocatalytic) andethylene-independent (non-autocatalytic)systems. Even when the effect of system 1ethylene is eliminated, fruit can initiate system2, leading to fruit ripening.Moreover, responses to this hormone is realizedby a signal transduction pathway in whichEthylene Responsive Element Binding Proteins(EREBPs) are transcription factors that helpregulate the ethylene response by regulatingtranscription and gene expression. For example,Zhang et al. (2012) have cloned the geneTomato LeERF1, indicated its location at thecellular level in the nucleus, nucleolus andplastids, and little signal was detected in thecell wall and vacuole. They have establishedrelationship of LeERF1 with the ripening oftomato fruit.MEANS TO EXTEND TOMATO SHELFLIFEMaximum loss in quality and quantity oftomato occurs from harvesting to consumption(Kader, 1986), so, the problem of loss can becontrolled by adapting suitable scientificmethods of packing and storage and byestablishment proper post harvest management(Rahman et al., 2010).
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SCIENTIFIC PAPERSSERIES B. HORTICUL
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Bekir Erol AK
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Fructification - Florin Constantin
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Phenological Studies on Some Variet
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Scientific Papers. Series B, Hortic
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Table 2. The organoleptic appreciat
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processes become even slower and th
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- usingselectedbacteriafromm Leucon
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To organoleptic analysis of the win
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works were pickling the cucumbers i
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days after removal of weeds by burn
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it appears that the culture has gro
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Maintainance of the genetic structu
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Table 3. Interaction variety of dwa
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Experimental scheme is situated in
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improvement especially laboratory s
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Table 1 shows the type 2x3x2 trifac
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Neamtu G., Gheorghe Campeanu, Carme
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Experience consisted of the followi
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Table 7. Total production on plantV
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vineyard, several methods were used
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Table 4. Structure and number and r
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gets serious role through the ferme
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Table 3. Element content of the ber
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Figure 4. The length of internodes
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The process of fruit forming was de
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Compomist F1 hybrid reaches value o
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Figure 2. Experimental results repr
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and total number of tubers per plan
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and quality of organic potatoes for
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Petri dishes, the pathogenic fungi
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Variant 4R 2 11.0 4.0 15.0 7.0 22.0
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Analyzing the dynamics of the total
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Table 2. Indicative data on volumes
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Table 3. The Influence of the level
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Table 8. The Influence of irrigatio
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Figure 1. The aspect of apples from
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Conclusions on changes in chemicalc
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSRaspberry is
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CONCLUSIONSAs a result of scientifi
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observations were made on phenologi
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Figure 1. Flowering period and blac
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content, A-acidity content) to the
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sugar accumulated in grapes and 1,0
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Figure 2. DryerFigure 3. Programmer
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Appearance of the apricots after 5
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where: P F represent the coordinate
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Table 2. The production obtained at
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As shown in figures 5 and 6 the vit
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At two weeks from planting it was a
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If we take into account the both fa
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F1 - + infectedF2 - + infectedF3 +
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HORTICULTURALBIODIVERSITY ANDGENETI
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFruit charac
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The chorology maps of Artemisia alb
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Figure 5. Chorology of Artemisia le
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Molecular differentiation showed a
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The characterization of the grapevi
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Figure 4. Amino acid profile of the
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Table 4. The significance of differ
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The studied phenophases (table 1),
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REFERENCESCapusan Janina, 2013. Rez
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Neoaliturus fenestratus Herrich-Sch
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occurrence in western part of Roman
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Pop 3 = Population 3 obtained by cr
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well adapted in our country, and th
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Variations in acidity of the variet
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grape. Analele Universitatii din Cr
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Flow cytometry has proved to be an
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cell nuclei, using chromosome count
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Figure 1. Prekos F1Figure 4. Prekos
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Interpretation of the results conce
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Photo 1- Redhaven (Control)The Roma
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Dry matter (determinate refractomet
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was evaluated by using a large-size
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During the growing season have been
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Likewise, vitamin C content of ‘G
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Figure 2. Air temperature (°C) in
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REFERENCESAnconelli S., Antolini G.
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Taking into the account these and t
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postharvest decays in fruits and ve
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manure semifermentated. In vegetati
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Figure 1. Prima Cl. 1022 varietyThe
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temperature required for a differen
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MATERIALS AND METHODSTo accomplish
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climate (IH4), becomes for this yea
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quantities of sugar accumulated in
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ibosomal to investigate 13 species
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Biogeography of Genus MangiferaTwo
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productionand uses. Center for trop
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analysis of variance to express the
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highlighted by a correlation coeffi
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without heat and in open field. Cro
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ut the fruit had a reduced number o
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Genetic autochthonous heritage wasi
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Table 1. The main characteristics o
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Data were subjected to statistical
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Also, the dry biomass and root leng
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“Clapp’s Favorite” in 2011 wh
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2012 the order was “Conference”
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microspore to mature pollen, determ
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microspores at certain date. Micros
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viin utilizate ca genitori potentia
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The objective of this paper, is to
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Table 1. Relationship between germi
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Figure 2. Tassels lengthIn case of
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ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,DESIGN ANDLANDSCA
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of Chisinau, also the old parks. Fo
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y cambium on the very center - meth
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flower is fully colored. Postharves
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Results from table 8 shows that Mar
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Pinus sylvestris ‘Gold Coin’, R
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Figure 4. Excelsa (H 18/1)Descripti
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Figure 1. Plants in cellular trays
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espectively 69%, followed by hybrid
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observations made on the plants of
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The values of pH diminished in all
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Figure 5. Content of total soluble
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Figure 1. Plan of Bran domain (Ion
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Carol the second, her brother, on h
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Figure 14. Tea house in the natural
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Cults, and in conformity with the c
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consult the scientific novelties an
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,,The restoration is the methodolog
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MATERIALS AND METHODSThe chorology
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Merce, 2011; Zamfirescu, 2010) (IAS
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experiment because it shows and ill
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among all the administrations, exce
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solution known as AKN. Content: pot
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As shown in the figure, Chrysal is
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MotivationsOfferprospectingCustomer
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conclude the presented case, with k
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Also, comparative studies, concerni
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done before. Also the speed of the
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as Marcellus theatre or Trajan foru
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ian regime, by huge contradictions
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Pyongyang, the hidden cityThe capit
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“ordinary” buildings as the gen
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- The Writer’s Rotunda“The cons
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Figure 4. Vegetation planRegarding
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Figure 9. BenchesVasesThere are 4 k
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REFERENCESPanoiu A., 2011, Evolutia
Page 373 and 374: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSResults of t
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Page 387 and 388: REFERENCESArchibugi F., 1997. The E
Page 389 and 390: Figure 1. Optimized version of comp
Page 391 and 392: CONCLUSIONSThe optimized version (F
Page 394 and 395: Scientific Papers. Series B, Hortic
Page 396 and 397: etween 182-212 g/l, the lowest valu
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Page 401 and 402: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSFor this pur
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Page 409 and 410: Figure 2. The „Eco-leaf” logo o
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Page 418 and 419: Table 1. Sampling procedures applic
Page 420 and 421: Table 2. Example of sampling proced
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Page 426 and 427: One of the first and simplest condi
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Page 434 and 435: Figure 5. Macroscopic view of the c
Page 436 and 437: Related to the process of the evolu
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Page 442 and 443: Imposition of the pot is done every
Page 444 and 445: Figure 8. Test of Strength Vetiver
Page 448 and 449: Table 3 defines LSD test for genoty
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