Index of Paper Presentations for the Parallel Sessions - Academy of ...

Family scenes Parent and child of same sex are similar in appearance or appear to sharespecial bond, parent seen as protector through distancing from family.Ritualization of Person shown in positions and poses that imply inferiority or deference such assubordination the following: Bowing, lowering oneself. Person shown on floor or bed or inother spatially lower positions. Person of other sex elevated above person.Person in bashful knee bend or leaning on someone. Person in canting posturewhere head or body is tipped lower. Person is smiling in response to others.Person is dressed like a child or posed like a child. Person is prey in mockassault or teased or being held possessively (around shoulder or hand).Licensed withdrawal Person shown as withdrawn from the scene or ‗tuned out‘. For example,person covers mouth or face with hands, turns gaze from other(s), with middledistance looks, dreamily talking on phone, emotional displays, snuggling ornuzzling others, being supported by others as in grief embrace. Person is‗tuned out‘ from the scene because he/she feels protected.Source: Hovland, McMahan, Lee, Hwang & Kim, 2005:893Researchers have also supplemented Goffman‘s gender display categories with several othercategories. Body display refers to provocative dress or nudity. Independence/self-assurance refers to theappearance of independence, confidence and autonomy (Kang, 1997). Facial exposure refers to showinga model‘s face. According to Archer, Iritani, Kimes, and Barrios (1983), showing a woman‘s faceemphasizes her personality and character while not showing a woman‘s face hides her personality andcharacter. Body parts refers to the display of the message source‘s body or body parts such as lips, legsand butts, in a way that dehumanizes or objectifies her (Archer, et al, 1983; Cortese, 1999; Kilbourne &Jhally, 2000).Social role characteristics. Four broad classes of gender role portrayals have been used in prior research,namely traditional roles, non-traditional roles, decorative roles, and roles depicting women as equal tomen (e.g., Plakoyiannaki & Zotos, 2009). Traditional gender roles depict women as reliant on men, suchas in the roles of the housewife. Non-traditional gender roles portray women in non-traditional activities,as career oriented, and with voices of authority (Plakoyiannaki & Zotos, 2009). In decorative roles,women are used for decorative purposes or to drape products to make them more appealing to their target