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The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls: The ... - josephprestonkirk

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HEINZ-WOLFGANG KUHN 173<br />

30:17 refers to two sons of Jacob; 1 Macc 2:52: kai _ e)logi/sqh…, “<strong>and</strong> it<br />

was counted to him [Abraham] as righteousness”). 54 <strong>The</strong> contrast<br />

between Paul <strong>and</strong> MMT in using this expression 55 is quite parallel to<br />

what was found already in Paul’s <strong>and</strong> Qumran’s underst<strong>and</strong>ing of Hab<br />

2:4 (see C 1, above). 56<br />

3. Torah <strong>and</strong> Crucifixion<br />

Paul<br />

Galatians 3:13: “Christ redeemed us from <strong>the</strong> curse of <strong>the</strong> Law by coming<br />

under <strong>the</strong> curse for our sake, for it is written [Deut 27:26 + 21:23]:<br />

‘Cursed is everybody who hangs on a tree.’”<br />

Qumran<br />

11QTemple a (11Q19) 64.6–13 (now 9–16 Steudel; corresponding to Deut<br />

21:22–23; partly also in 4Q524 frag. 14): “…[8] you shall hang him on<br />

a tree <strong>and</strong> he shall die.…[9] he shall be put to death <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y shall hang<br />

him on a tree.…[10]…you shall hang him also on a tree [11] <strong>and</strong> he shall<br />

die…for [12] he who is hanged on a tree belongs to those who are<br />

accursed of God <strong>and</strong> men.”<br />

From “for he who is hanged” (lines 11–12), <strong>the</strong> text continues differently<br />

in a fragment of 4QTemple b (4Q524) 14 (see lines 4–5) with a text<br />

corresponding Deut 22:11. <strong>The</strong> original Temple Scroll seems to belong to<br />

about <strong>the</strong> third century B.C.E.<br />

4QpNah (4Q169) fragments 3–4 1.6–8 (interpretation of Nah 2:13b<br />

concerning <strong>the</strong> High Priest <strong>and</strong> King Alex<strong>and</strong>er Jannaeus [103–76<br />

B.C.E.]): “[7]…<strong>and</strong> hangs men alive [8]…of a man hanged alive on a<br />

tree” (for <strong>the</strong> last wording, cf. Deut 21:22–23). 57<br />

54. Cf. Martin G. Abegg, Jr., “4QMMT, Paul, <strong>and</strong> ‘Works of <strong>the</strong> Law,’” in <strong>The</strong> <strong>Bible</strong><br />

at Qumran: Text, Shape, <strong>and</strong> Interpretation (ed. P. W. Flint; Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids: Eerdmans,<br />

2001), 203–16, esp. 209.<br />

55. Abegg, Jr., “4QMMT,” 207–8; he also correctly remarks that <strong>the</strong> Hebrew text<br />

of Ps 106:31 is closer to 4QMMT than Gen 15:6 is. <strong>The</strong> Masoretic text in Gen 15:6<br />

has “<strong>and</strong> he [<strong>the</strong> LORD] counted it to him [Abraham] as righteousness,” while LXX,<br />

Qumran, <strong>and</strong> Paul (Gal 3:6) use <strong>the</strong> passive, as does <strong>the</strong> Hebrew text of Ps 106:31.<br />

56. For 4QMMT, see C 4, below.<br />

57. Cf. Lange, “Qumran 1,” 52–53.

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