The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls: The ... - josephprestonkirk

182 IMPACT OF QUMRAN TEXTS ON PAULINE THEOLOGY
of Paul, only in Galatians 5 does one find both sets of catalogs together;
the same seems to be true for 1QS 3–4 among the Qumran texts. In Paul,
the single catalogs of vices dominate; in 1QS the single catalogs of virtues
dominate; hence, Paul starts in Galatians 5 with the vices. Since in the
context of Gal 5:16–23 we find nothing specific for the Qumran texts and
since the instruction on the two spirits in 1QS is rather pre-Qumranian,
one may hesitate to postulate a relationship for Paul with specific
Qumran traditions. 83
2. Servants of Impurity/Servants of Righteousness
Paul
Romans 6:16–19 says: “You presented your members as slaves to
impurity [before conversion]; …now present your members as slaves to
righteousness” (v. 19).
Qumran
1QS 4.9–10 offers terms such as “in the service of righteousness” (line 9)
and “in the service of uncleanness” (line 10). See also 1QM 13.5: “for all
their service of extreme uncleanness.” 1QM partly originated before the
origin of the Qumran community. 84
Explanations
While the above-cited texts speak in a general way of members and
nonmembers of the community, the full parallel expression “the service
of righteousness” in 2 Cor 3:9 concerns Paul’s special ministry as apostle
(cf. also 11:15). A further parallel to this Pauline expression in 2
Corinthians 3 is found in the Qumran wording “service of righteousness”
in 4QTime of Righteousness (4Q215a, earlier 4QTNaph [= 4Q215] frag.
1 2.9); this text concerns men in the eschatological future.
83. For all details, especially the corresponding vices and virtues in Galatians 5 and
1QS 3–4, see H.-W. Kuhn, “Qumranparallelen zum Galaterbrief,” 238–45. For the
instruction on the two spirits, see n9, above.
84. Cf. Lange, “Qumran 1,” 60–62.