The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls: The ... - josephprestonkirk

II. Pseudepigraph
DEVORAH DIMANT 451
1 Enoch (Aramaic)—8 copies of 1 Enoch: 4Q201; 4Q202; 4Q204; 4Q205;
4Q206; 4Q207; 4Q212; XQpapEnoch 16
—4 copies of an enlarged version of 1 Enoch 72–82 (Aramaic) (Astronomical
Book): 4Q208; 4Q209; 4Q210; 4Q211 17
Jubilees (Hebrew)—17 copies (two doubtful): 1Q17; 1Q18 18 ; 2Q19; 2Q20 19 ;
3Q5 20 ; 4Q176 19–21 21 ; 4Q216; 4Q217(?); 4Q218; 4Q219; 4Q220;
4Q221; 4Q222; 4Q223+4Q224 22 ; 4Q484(?); 11Q12 23
16. Revised and fully published by Edward Cook in Parabiblical Texts (ed. D. W.
Parry and E. Tov; part 3 of The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader; 6 vols.; Leiden: Brill, 2005),
454–71, 502–11, 542–61. This publication wrongly lists the Book of Giants among the
Enochic writings despite the fact that it is a different work. It is listed below among
“Aramaic Compositions Related to the Bible.” Émile Puech identified some small
Greek papyrus fragments from Cave 7 as coming from the Greek translation of 1
Enoch, 7Q4, 7Q8, 7Q11 (M. Baillet, “Empreintes de Papyrus,” in Les “Petites Grottes” de
Qumran [DJD 3; Oxford: Clarendon, 1962], 144–45). Cf. idem, “Sept fragments grec
de la lettre d’Hénoch (1 Hén 100, 103 et 105) dans la grotte 7 de Qumrân
(7QHéngr),” RevQ 18 (1997): 313–23. However, this is another case where the identification
rests on shaky ground and therefore cannot be accepted. For a papyrus fragment
of a new Aramaic copy of 1 Enoch, from an unknown Qumran cave,
XQpapEnoch, cf. Esther Eshel and Hanan Eshel, “New Fragments from Qumran:
4QGenf, 4QIsab, 4Q226, 8QGen, and XQpapEnoch,”DSD 12 (2005), 146–55.
17. 4Q208-209 are published by Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar and Florentino García
Martínez, “208–209. 4QAstronomical Enoch a-b ,” in Qumran Cave 4.XXVI: Cryptic Texts
and Miscellanea, Part 1 (DJD 36; Oxford: Clarendon, 2000), 95–171. 4Q210–211 are
edited by Jozef T. Milik, The Books of Enoch (Oxford: Clarendon, 1976) 284–85, 292.
The edition of Milik is reproduced in Parabiblical Texts (ed. D. W. Parry and E. Tov;
part 3 of The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader; 6 vols.; Leiden: Brill, 2005), 538–43. It is worth
noting that a copy of the Astronomical Book (4QEnastr a [4Q208]), is one of the oldest
scrolls at Qumran. Paleographic considerations led Milik, ibid., 272 to date it to the
“end of the third century or else the beginning of the second century BC.” The antiquity
of this manuscript is now confirmed by recent Carbon-14 tests, which produced
the date 192–186 BCE for the manuscript. See A. J. Timothy Jull et al., “Radiocarbon
Dating of Scrolls and Linen Fragments from the Judean Desert,” Atiqot 28 (1996):
85–91. Such an early date is of special interest since most of the older copies from
Qumran are Hebrew Bible texts. It shows that if indeed these ancient manuscripts
were brought to Qumran from the outside, there were Aramaic pseudepigrapha
among them, aside from the Bible.
18. Published by Jozef T. Milik, “Livres Apocryphes,” in Qumran Cave 1 (DJD 1;
Oxford: Clarendon, 1955), 82–83.
19. Published by Maurice Baillet, “Livre des Jubilés “ in Qumran Cave 4.XXVI: Cryptic
Texts and Miscellanea, Part 1 (DJD 3; Oxford: Clarendon, 1962), 77–79.
20. Published by Maurice Baillet in Les “Petites Grottes” de Qumran (DJD 3; Oxford:
Clarendon, 1962), 96–97, under the title “Une Prophétie Apocryphe.” It was later
identified as a copy of Jubilees by Reinhard Deichgräber, “Fragmente einer Jubiläen-
Handschrift aus Höhle 3 von Qumran,” RevQ 5 (1965): 415–22; Alexander Rofé,