reynolds-the-quran-in-its-historical-context-2

Recommendations

Info

334 Devin J. StewartC. Assertion of mantic authority.D. Condition precedent.E. Message.F. Explication.Close examination of the oracular texts in the Qur'iin in light of this formal·ture provides definite comparative conclusions. The first two sections, ~'"u"''' 1 u 1the questioner (A) and restatement of the question (B), are for the most partin the Qur'an. A similar sort of question occurs in al-Naba ',which begins:yatasa 'alz7n * 'an il-naba 'i !- 'a?fm, "About what are they wondering? *Aboutawful tidings ... " (Q 78:1-2). However, this is exceptional.A close formal parallel can be seen in the condition precedent (D),immediately precedes the message proper (E), the two forming together ationa! sentence. Such conditions precedent have been pointed out as a ·characteristic feature ofQur'anic style; Bell and Watt, and also Welch,"'when' passages," while Neuwirth terms them "clusters of
336 Devin J. StewartOmen texts were a highly developed genre in the Ancient Near East, one ofmost prevalent and important. The Babylonians and their successorsgreat deal of energy and ingenuity to the science of omens, astrological andwise. They compiled large catalogues or collections of omens, such as theused series of astrological omens Enuma Anu Enlil, which was discovered inlibrary of the neo-Assyrian king Assurbanipal (c. 685-627 BCE) on 56tablets but dates back to the first Babylonian dynasty (c. 1800-1500 BCE),they were copied and transmitted for many centuries, and even llllilcllUJ:ma1loucreatures, both human and animal. 34 In general, these omens all took theconditional sentences, similar to the Greek and Qur'anic omens discussedIf X happens/is observed, Y will happen. The same structure is found in legalsuch as Hamrnurabi's code, where many individual laws begin summa awflum ·' ·"If a nobleman ... ," and the omens have been observed to use legallartguag!l.?~:.Thes.e great catalogues of omens are often organized systematically bysubject of the protasis: in the astrological works, the omens having to do withMoon, the Sun, Venus, and so on appear in separate sections. In If a City isa Height, all the omens involving snakes appear in one section, those havingwith lizards in another section, .those having to do with ants in another section,so on. The following lunar omen is included in the Enuma Anu Enlil: "If themakes an eclipse in Month VII on the twenty-first day and sets eclipsed -will take the crowned prince from his palace in fetters. " 36 Examples fromcollection entitled "If a City is Set on a Height" include the following:31 E. Reiner and D.E. Pingree, Babylonian Planetary Omens. I: Enuma Anu Enlil, tablet63:Venus Tablet Ammisaduga, Malibu, CA: Undena Publications, 1975; idem, BabylonianOmens. 2: Enuma Anu Enlil, tablets 50-51, 1981; idem, Babylonian Planetary Omens. 3:Anu En/if, tablets 50-51, Groningen: Styx, 1998; F. Rochberg-Halton, Aspects of Celestiallion: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Archiv fiir Orientforschung, Horn,Ferdinand Berger, 1988; W.H. van Sold!, Solar Omens ofEnuma Anu Enlil: tablets l:J(l4J·-ZY,(31Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut Te Istanbul, 1995; L. "~··A~r•~•Iavoie I-VI della serie astrologica Enuma Anu Enlil, Messina: University of Messina,32 S.M. Freedman, If a City Is Set on a Height: The Akkadian Omen Series Summa alu inaPhiladelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum, 1998, 2006.33 U.S. Koch, Babylonian Liver Omt;ns: The Chapters Manzazu, Padanu, and Pan takalti ofBabylonian Extipicy Series Mainly from Assurbanipal's Library, Copenhagen:Copenhagen, 2000; eadem, Secrets ofExtipicy: The Chapter Multiibiltu of the BabylonianSeries and Ni$irti biiniti Texts mainly from Assurbanipal 's Library, Miinster: Ugarit-Verlag,34 E. Leichty, The Omen Series Summa Izbu, Locust Valley, NY: Augustin, 1970.35 Scott Noegel, "Dreams and Dream Interpretation in Mesopotamia and in the HebrewKelly Bulkeley ( ed.), Dreams: A Reader on Religious, Cultural, and Psychological Din~en:~ions tDreaming, (New York: Palgrave, 2001 ), ( 45-72) 52.36 M. van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC, Malden,Blackwell, 2003, 245-46.lYfysterious letters and other features of the Qur'iin 337If a snake dies in front of a man, he will see the downfall of his adversary.If a snake flops around in front of a man, he will kill his adversary.If a snake stands erect in front of a man- victory and booty.If a snake goes about in front of a man - flood for the land.If a snake runs in front of a man- attaining of a wish.If a snake stands in front of a man -booty for the king.If a snake wriggles in front of a man- confusion.·, .If snakes cross over in front of a man, strife will persistently follow him.If snakes entwine in front of a man, he will have trouble. 37Babylonian oracles generally mark the protasis with "if' (summa) but do notthe apodosis with. a specific particle. This is a distinction between them andthe Greek and the Qur'iinic omens, which mark the apodosis with particles.lists of omens in the Babylonian collections are reminiscent ofQur' iinic usagedegree, where many conditions precedent occur in series. Most Babylonianhowever, consist of one protasis and one apodosis, in contrast to severalleading up to one apodosis, as in the opening of al-Talcwfr (Q 81:1-14)above. Some Babylonian omens have combined protases, introducing a singlewith several conditions precedent, as in the following liver omen: "If therea Weapon in the Honour of the left side of the Lungs and it points upwards, the· are low and split on the left, the base of the Well-being forms a Weapon anddownwards: For going on a campaign and seizing a city it is favourable/thewill die." 38 In such examples, however, the initial particle summa is notin contrast to the repetition of idhii in the Qur' iinic texts.frequent references to celestial bodies and to animals in Babylonian omensup an important point. The oaths to the sun, moon, and stars which appearfrequently in the oaths of pre-Islamic and Qur'iinic oracles, as well as the oathsimimals in pre-Islamic oracles, may have developed out of the signs used forFor example, the Yemeni soothsayer Satil;t (Rabi' b. Rabi' a b. Mas' ild)uooosedlvmade the following prediction explaining a dream of the Yemeni kinga b. Na~r:. · al;lifit bi-mii bayna l-l;arratayni min l;anashla-tahbitanna arr;lalatm ul-l;abashfa-la-yamlilamna rna bayna Abyana ilii JurashI swear by the snakes in between the two lava fields,that the Ethiopians will descend on your land,and conquer all the territory between Abyan and Jurash. 39jJ.'l•reec!rnan./fa City is Set on a Height, 2:17.See Koch, Secrets of Extipicy, 48-52, 313-80, esp. 340.Ibn Hishiim, al-Sira al-nabawiyya, ed. 'Umar 'Abd al-Saliim Tadmur'i, Beirut: Diir al-Kitiibal-'Arabi, 1998, 1:33.
Page 1 and 2:
New Perspectives on the Qur'anIn th
Page 3 and 4:
New Perspectives onthe Qur)anThe Qu
Page 5 and 6:
ContentsAcknowledgementsContributor
Page 7 and 8:
Acknowledgements xiiiAcknowledgemen
Page 9 and 10:
xviContributorsCompanion to the Qur
Page 11 and 12:
xxForewordIf we were to leave thing
Page 13 and 14:
2 Gabriel Said ReynoldsIn the intro
Page 15 and 16:
6 Gabriel Said Reynoldscontribution
Page 17 and 18:
10 Gabriel Said ReynoldsA different
Page 19 and 20:
14 Gabriel Said ReynoldsAnd He sent
Page 21 and 22:
18 Gabriel Said Reynoldsnames and d
Page 23 and 24:
·Part I···Method in Qur)anic st
Page 25 and 26:
26 Fred M Donnerable to determine m
Page 27 and 28:
30 Fred M Donnerabout which the tra
Page 29 and 30:
34 Fred M Donnerhistorian cannot ac
Page 31 and 32:
Studies in Qur 'anic vocabulary 392
Page 33 and 34:
42 Andrew Rippinforeign is not clea
Page 35 and 36:
46 Andrew Rippinsuggestion could al
Page 37 and 38:
50 Nasr Abu Zaydfrom the perspectiv
Page 39 and 40:
54 Nasr Abu Zaydstudy (1968-72), Eg
Page 41 and 42:
58 Nasr Abu Zaydthe commencement (i
Page 43 and 44:
62 Nasr Abu ZaydThe second phenomen
Page 45 and 46:
66 Nasr Abu Zaydare intended to rea
Page 47 and 48:
70 Nasr Abu Zaydchapter shows that
Page 49 and 50:
74 Nasr Abu ZaydMuslim jurists,fitq
Page 51 and 52:
78 Nasr Abu ZaydFor the natures of
Page 53 and 54:
82 Nasr Abu Zaydcertain, whereas th
Page 55 and 56:
86 Nasr Abu Zaydyour lord?' They sa
Page 57 and 58:
The Jews of the Hijaz in theQur' an
Page 59 and 60:
94 Robert G. Hoylandit by hereditar
Page 61 and 62:
98 Robert G. HoylandScript/Lang.: L
Page 63 and 64:
102 Robert G. HoylandNo.24Place: al
Page 65 and 66:
106 Robert G. HoylandThough classed
Page 67 and 68:
110 Robert G. Hoyland"Akrabos ben S
Page 69 and 70:
114 Robert G. HoylandThe only probl
Page 71 and 72:
118 Hani HayajnehScattered hints ar
Page 73 and 74:
122 Hani Hayajnehand the situations
Page 75 and 76:
126 llanillayqinehthat can elucidat
Page 77 and 78:
130 Hani Hayajnehpreserved in the c
Page 79 and 80:
134 Hani Hayajneh3. al-UkhdiidQur'a
Page 81 and 82:
138 Hani Hayajneh"deliver, preserve
Page 83 and 84:
142 Hani Hayajnehits common tribal
Page 85 and 86:
146 Hani Hayajneh"l) 'mkrb son of ~
Page 87 and 88:
148 Gerd-R. PuinThe orthography oft
Page 89 and 90:
152 Gerd-R. PuinVowel letters and o
Page 91 and 92:
156 Gerd-R. Puinto be explained as
Page 93 and 94:
160 Gerd-R. Puinmade identical with
Page 95 and 96:
164 Gerd-R. Puin(66) fhJ( 67) \J.J
Page 97 and 98:
168 Gerd-R. Puin(Q 51 :47). Here, i
Page 99 and 100:
172 Gerd-R. Puin16:69 16:69 D =16:9
Page 101 and 102:
176 Gerd-R. Puinaccusative, but has
Page 103 and 104:
186 Gerd-R. PuinHowever, neither th
Page 105 and 106:
184 Gerd-R. PuinIn M.F. Malik's tra
Page 107 and 108:
188 Gerd-R. PuinAl-ntb' al-awwal mi
Page 109 and 110:
Hapaxes in the Qur'an:identifying a
Page 111 and 112:
196 Shawkat M Toorawathe works of M
Page 113 and 114:
200 Shawkat M ToorawaIn his 1966 Le
Page 115 and 116:
204 Shawkat M ToordWa"any biblical
Page 117 and 118:
208 Shawkat M Toorawa Hapaxes in th
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Hapaxes in the Qur'an 221220 Shawka
Page 125 and 126:
224 Shawkat M Toorawa Hapax.es in t
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130: 232 Shawkat M Toorawa Hapax:es in t
Page 131 and 132: Hapaxes in the Qur'an 237236 Shawka
Page 133 and 134: 240 Shawkat M Toorawafrom a shared
Page 135 and 136: 244 Shaw/cat M Toorawasix. And in a
Page 137 and 138: 248 Manfred KroppQur'anic corpus wh
Page 139 and 140: 252 Manfred Kroppobscurum per obscu
Page 141 and 142: 256 Manfred KroppNow the verb kana,
Page 143 and 144: 260 Manfred KroppHaving in mind now
Page 145 and 146: 264 Manfred KroppTo conclude this s
Page 147 and 148: 268 Munther YounesThe wordgharq vio
Page 149 and 150: 272 Mzmther Youneslater came to be
Page 151 and 152: 276 Munther YounesThe verb nashit,
Page 153 and 154: 280 Christoph LuxenbergEdessa, whic
Page 155 and 156: 284 Christoph Luxenberg14 He had be
Page 157 and 158: 288 Christoph Luxenbergvariants in
Page 159 and 160: 292 Christoph Luxenberg11. mil kadh
Page 161 and 162: 296 Christoph Luxenbergapplication
Page 163 and 164: Al-Nafilirii in the Qur' anA hermen
Page 165 and 166: 304 Sidney Griffithonly Persian pag
Page 167 and 168: 308 Sidney Griffithand al-na~ara as
Page 169 and 170: 312 Sidney Griffiththis manner the
Page 171 and 172: 316 Sidney Griffithpassages that eq
Page 173 and 174: 320 Sidney Griffithincluded Jews an
Page 175 and 176: 324 Devin J. StewartMore r~cently,
Page 177 and 178: 328 Devin J. Stewart(Q 101:9-11), t
Page 179: 332 Devin J. Stewartpagans assign t
Page 183 and 184: 340 Devin J. StewartQur'an in the s
Page 185 and 186: 344 Devin J. StewartThi~ idea may t
Page 187 and 188: 348 Devin J. Stewartand so on, are
Page 189 and 190: 352 Su{eiman A. Mouraddid not come
Page 191 and 192: 356 Suleiman A. Mouradaccusation. T
Page 193 and 194: 360 Clare WildeJudea-Christian comm
Page 195 and 196: 364 Clare WildeBible was recognized
Page 197 and 198: 368 Clare WildeRecitation or codex-
Page 199 and 200: Messengers and angels in the Qur'an
Page 201 and 202: 376 Gerald HawtingIt was indicated
Page 203 and 204: 380 Gerald Hawtingthird person (the
Page 205 and 206: 384 Gerald HawtingInherent in all o
Page 207 and 208: 388 Gerald HawtingChristianity that
Page 209 and 210: Is there a notion of "divineelectio
Page 211 and 212: 396 Reuven FirestoneThe New Testame
Page 213 and 214: 400 Reuven Firestonethrough. a fire
Page 215 and 216: 404 Reuven FirestoneMost of the ter
Page 217 and 218: 408 Reuven Firestoneof the religiou
Page 219 and 220: 412 Waleed Ahmedassess the early Mu
Page 221 and 222: 416 Waleed Ahmedabsent (mal;zdhz7f,
Page 223 and 224: 420 Waleed AhmedThe main problem wi
Page 225 and 226: 424 Waleed AhmedConclusionThe analy
Page 227 and 228: 428 Joseph Witztumhomily by Narsai.
Page 229 and 230: 432 Joseph Witztumin the story keep
Page 231 and 232:
436 Joseph Witztumexample,,when Jac
Page 233 and 234:
440 Joseph WitztumAnd again they sa
Page 235 and 236:
444 Joseph Witztum?ialect and might
Page 237 and 238:
448 Joseph Witztumnot that.the Syri
Page 239 and 240:
452 Emran El-BadawiOther scholars r
Page 241 and 242:
456 Emran El-BadawiCenturies of Ara
Page 243 and 244:
460 Emran El-Badawi!ewish scri~es.
Page 245 and 246:
464 Emran El-Badawistranger, clothi
Page 247 and 248:
468 Adam Silverstein"Egypt." 4 But
Page 249 and 250:
472 Adam Silversteinhoweve~, are la
Page 251 and 252:
476 Adam Silversteinto build a ~arb
Page 253 and 254:
480 BibliographyAbii al-Futiil;!, M
Page 255 and 256:
484 Bibliography--Homiliae Selectae
Page 257 and 258:
488 BibliographyBeyer, K. and A. Li
Page 259 and 260:
492 BibliographyGallez, E.-M. Le me
Page 261 and 262:
496 BibliographyKahle, P.E. "The Qu
Page 263 and 264:
500 BibliographyMcAuliffe, J.D. Qur
Page 265 and 266:
504 Bibliography--"Die Wissenschaft
Page 267 and 268:
508 BibliographySpitaler, A. "Die N
Page 269 and 270:
Index of Qur' anic citationsand ref
Page 271 and 272:
516 Index of Qur 'anic citations an
Page 273 and 274:
520 Index of Qur 'iinic citations a
Page 275 and 276:
524 Index of Qur 'anic citations an
Page 277 and 278:
Index of people, places and subject
Page 279 and 280:
532 Index of people, places and sub
Page 281 and 282:
536 Index of people, places and sub
show all

reynolds-the-quran-in-its-historical-context-2

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?