reynolds-the-quran-in-its-historical-context-2

144 llanillayajnehabove-mentioned passage as "But they were forward, so we sent on them theof the dam (or caused by the dam) ... "9. f-t-1}From the rootft/;1 several nominal and verbal derivatives are attested in the(e.g.fat/;1: Qur'iin 4:141; 5:52; 8:19; 26:118 etc.)Y 1 A review of the Suras·where.the derivatives are used shows that the meaning "open" does not apply. Rudiand Manfred Kropp both suggest interpreting certain occurrences in the lightASA and/or the Old Ethiopic meaning of the root and its derivatives. 122 Infib means "juridical order, lawsuit, litigation." 123 Some Arabic works indicatefata/;la has the specific meaning "to decide, to attribute, to act as a judgelitigants." According to Ghul, 124 this meaning is attested in Qur'iin 7:89,iftah baynana wa-bayna qawmina bi l-haqq wa-anta khayru al-tatihln,Lord, judge between tis and our people in truth, for You are the best of judges.Arabic lexicographers were aware of fat/;1 meaning natr, "victory;support;" qa(la ', "attribution, administering justice;" bulan, "decision,and other derivatives, likefatta[1, ']uclge." 125 Fataba bayanahum in theijimyar means, "he judged between them or the men, or the litigates" andbayanana, 'judge thou between us." 12610. mawaddaThe word mawadda occurs in the Qur'iin eight times (4:73; 5:82;30:21; 42:23; 60:!2,7). I will address two verses here, beginningQur'iin 60:1:Arabian languages as a source for Qur 'anic vocabulary 145exegetes understood this verse.as a warning to the Prophet of the betrayalman named I:Hitib b. Balta' a, who sent with a woman a letter to the people ofwarning them that the Prophet was planning an attack. 127is apparent from the context that the word mawadda means "friendship." Thisunderstanding of Abdullah YusufAli:0 ye who believe! Take not my enemies and yours as friends (or protectors),offering them (your) love, even though they have rejected the Truth that hascome to you, and have (on the contrary) driven out the Prophet and your­' , .. selves (from your homes), (simply) because ye believe in God your Lord! If·.· ye have come out to strive in My Way and to seek My Good Pleasure, (takethem not as friends), holding.secret converse of love (and friendship) withthem: for I know full well all that ye conceal and all that ye reveal. And anyof you that do this has strayed from the Straight Path., this word in this context and other contexts in the Qur'iin can be underas"alliance" rather than "love" or "friendship." In ASA inscriptions themwd(d(t)) occurs several times in the following scheme:(_·. ·.Personal name(s) ±tribal designations/names+ mwd(dt) +Personal nameexample compare the Minaic dedicatory inscription M 190-M 194 128 from(ancient Ythl):·· 1) ... w-Lby 'tht w- 'm 'ns 1 [ 'Jhl Bib 'hi Gb 'n mwddt 'byd' Yth' s 3 l' 'thtrdh-qb(i kl mbny . ..ya ayyuha alladhfna amana Ia tattakhidhzl 'aduwwf wa- nnr11A.11Aurm1mawliya 'a tulqzlna ilayhim bi-1-mawaddati wa-qad kafarii bi-maja 'a/cum1-(laqqi yukhrijzlna al-raszlla wa-iyyalaun an tu 'minzl bi-Al/ahi rabbilaunkzmtum kharajtum jihadan fi sabll! wa-btigha 'a marl}atl tusirrzlnabi-1-mawaddati wa-ana a 'lamu bi-ma akhfaytum wa-ma-a 'lantum wa-manyaf'alhu minkumfaqad (lalla sawa 'a al-sab!l."Lbytht and 'mns people of Bllz of the people of Gb 'n, allies of 'byd' Yth ',dedicated to 'thtr dh-qb(i all the construction of the tower Lb 'n.",.. .. ,11mn"r example is a Sabaic inscription from the Bar'iin temple in Ma'rib (fifthfourth centuries BC): 129 2) w!dhs 2 qrlmwdd/s 1 mh' 3) ly/wyth "mr/hqny!' 4) l121 See Kropp, "Athiopische Arabesken im Koran, "395 for full listing of the derivatives inQur'iin.122 Pare!, Der Koran: Kommentar und Konkordanz, 167. Kropp, "Athiopische ArabeskenKoran, "295. See also R. Pare!, "Die Bedeutungsentwicklung von Arabischfat/t," in J.M.Orientalia Hispanica sive studio F. M Pareja octogenarian dicata. Leiden: Brill,1:537-41.123 Beeston et al., Sabaic Dictionmy, 47.124 Ghu1, Early Southern Arabian Languages and Classical Arabic Sources, 198ff.125 AEL, 2329.126 Ibid.AI-Wiil)idi, Asbiib nuzz11 al-Qur 'an, 663ff.· Jemen: Kunst und Arcltiio/ogie im Land der Konigin von Saba ', Wien Kiinstlerltaus,. · 9 November 1998 bis. 21. Februar 1999, ed: Wilfiied Seipel. Milano: Skira; Wien (A):• 'Kunsthistorisches' Museum, 322, Ktal. Nr 237.