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118 MOLLUSCA.
"WOODWARD, H. The Pearly Nautilus, Cuttlefish, and their allies.
Stud. iv. 1870, pp. 1-14, 241-249, with 4 plates.
WOODWARD, S. P. Manuel de Conchyliologie. 2nde edition,
augmentee par R. TATE et traduite par A. HUMBERT.
Paris: 1870, 8vo, 297 woodcuts and 23 pis.
Of Oonchological Journals for 1870 a complete volume has appeared of the
Maiakozoologische Blatter, Nachrichtsblatt der dcutschen Malakozoologischcu
Gesellschaft, and Biilletino malaeologico Italiana. Only the first three parts
of the American Journal of Conchology, the first two of the Journal de Conchyliologie,
and the first three of the Annales de Malacologie. The volume of
the Annates de la Societe Malacologique de Belgique for 1870 has not appeared
up to the present time (30th June, 1871) ; but the volumes for 1868 and 1869,
which were not fully noticed in former ' Records,' are now included.
THE GENERAL SUBJECT.
Anatomy and Morphology.
The starting-point of LACAZE-DUTHIERS'S researches on the
morphology of Mollusca {I. c.) is the development of Ancylus.
He distinguishes three principal parts of the body, viz. the head,
the foot, and the visceral sac, which is enveloped by the mantle.
There are four principal ganglia, viz. the stomato-gastric, the
cerebroid, the pedal, and a fourth group composed of five
ganglia, which he calls branchio-cardio-pallio-genital, or, for
brevity's sake, the median or inferior centre of the nervous
system. Each fold of the common integument, which receives
nerves from this centre, is to be termed mantle—for example
the shield of Limax and Arion, but not the lateral lobes of
Aplysia, which belong really to the foot (C. R. 1869, p. 1341;
Ann. N. II. v. p. 383).—The asymmetry of the Gastropods
extends only to the fourth of the aforesaid groups and to the parts
influenced by it; and the author endeavours to explain the different
situation of the subordinate ganglia belonging to this centre
in various orders by supposing a torsion of the whole system in
the Pectinibranchiata and in Cyclostoma. In similar manner,
also, the normal position of the gill is on the right; but in the
Pectinibranchiata a part of the mantle which should be typically
on the right is thus transported to the left, and with it the gill.
The Lamellibranchiata are morphologically the most simple and
therefore most easy to be understood among the Mollusks;
Anodunta is taken as an example. The upper or buccal adductor
muscle is in all Bivalves above the mouth; the anal orifice in
all behind and below the inferior or anal adductor; the visceral
mass with the foot is in all Bivalves separated by the mouth
from the anterior adductor, and situated between the mouth
and the posterior adductor. This suflices to prove that in the
Monomyariu the anal muscle is present (as was long ago urged