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IOO ANCIENT TIMES.
superfluous, for they were only concerned to acquire that
mechanical routine in the treatment of diseases which appeared
to them necessary to their calling.
Anatomy had attained a high grade of development
through the efforts of the Alexandrians and of RUEUS
of Ephesus, MARINUS, QUINTUS, and their pupils LYKUS,
SATYRUS, Ir-ELOPS and yEsCHRlON who were GALEN'S
teachers. The position and form of the various bones
was known, as too their respective connections, the
sutures, the periosteum, the medullary membrane, the
articular cartilages, various joints with the ligaments and
tendons associated with them and the most important
groups of muscles, while a fairly accurate conception
was made of the form and position of the organs in
the thoracic and abdominal cavities. GALEN* already referred
to the analogous formation of the sexual organs in
the two sexes and declared that they chiefly differed from
one another in this, namely, that in the female the parts
were disposed with a direction inwards, in the male with a
direction outwards. The vascular system was as yet but
little investigated : but a distinction was recognized between
arteries and veins and the different kind of blood in these
two kinds of vessels was noticed.f The knowledge of the
nervous system possessed by the doctors of this period excites
our astonishment. GALEN gave an accurate description
of the brain and spinal cord,* and represented the course
of many nerves. Thus he alludes to the optic nerve, the
third cranial nerve or oculomotor, the fourth or trochlear,,
the different branches of the fifth or trigeminus, the.
auditory and facial, the vagus and glossopharyngeal, the
nerves of the larynx and pharynx, the sympathetic, and
even points out the ganglia upon the last; so too he
refers to the radial, ulnar, median, crural and sciatic
* GALEN iv, 635.
t GALEN iii, 491.
X CH. DAREMBERG: Exposition des connaissances de GALIEN sur ranatomie|
et la physiologie du systeme nerveux, Paris 1841.—F. FALK : GALEN'S Lehre
vdm gesunden und kranken Nervensystem, Leipzig 1871.