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510 MODERN TIMES.
CAIRN. In 1770 there existed already in the medical
faculty chairs of anatomy, the " institutes of medicine,"
the practice of medicine, midwifery, chemistry,
botany, materia medica and natural history, as also a
department for teaching anatomy, a botanical garden, a
chemical laboratory and a clinic. In 1802 a surgical,
and in 1825 an obstetric clinic were opened. In 1816 a
proposal was made by the town council to appoint a
professor of comparative anatomy and veterinary surgery ;
but this was opposed by the academical senate. In the
course of the 19th century the establishments required to
satisfy the needs of medical teaching have been provided,
as they have also at Glasgow and the other two universities.
Besides the medical faculties there are in Edinburgh and
Glasgow other special schools of medicine independent of
the university.
The University of London is no university at all, but an
institution at which examinations are held and academical
degrees obtained.
The schools in the trans-oceanic countries under British
rule are organized after the English model.
Whoever devotes himself to the study of medicine has to
give a proof that he has received a general education of
a certain kind. If he is a university man the matriculation
examination* suffices for this; if he first attends a '
medical school he has to pass the examination of one of
the numerous bodies commissioned for this purpose, and
which are competent to give certificates recognized as
sufficient. These do not by any means require an equal
degree of knowledge, but a general scheme of subjects
lies at the root of all, though the severity of the test varies
in degree at different places.
The programme of the London University permits us to
form an opinion of the amount of knowledge required, and
* i.e., at the University of London. Oxford and Cambridge men generally
take the B.A. degree before attaching themselves to London medical schools.—
E. H. H.