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57°
MODERN TIMES.
ship at the university is five years. The examinations are
held partly during that period, partly afterwards. They
begin with examinations in natural history, on the subjects
of mineralogy, botany, and zoology, which can be passed
in the course of the first year. Those only who have
satisfactorily passed these can present themselves for the
professional examinations proper. The first of these latter
includes physics, chemistry, anatomy and physiology. It
consists of a thorough theoretical examination in these
subjects, and involves the putting up or the demonstra­
tion of an anatomical and microscopical preparation, the
performance of a chemical analysis, and the explana­
tion of physical and physiological apparatus. This
examination must not be entered for before the termi­
nation of the second year, while the second and
third rigorosen cannot be passed until after the con­
clusion of the period of studentship. The candidate
on entering his name is obliged to submit proofs that
he has attended the medical and surgical clinics each
during four semesters and each during two semesters as
assistant, also that he has attended as assistant, for at least
one semester each, both the obstetric and the ophthalmic
clinics and that he has passed the first rigorosum satis­
factorily. The second deals with general pathology and
therapeutics, pathological anatomy and histology, pharma­
cology, and internal medicine, and involves a practical
examination on pathological anatomy at the dead body or
with the aid of preparations'; the candidate is also-.
required to examine several patients; and a thorough
investigation is made into his theoretical knowledge
of the above-mentioned four branches of science. The
third rigorosum embraces surgery, ophthalmology,
gynaecology, and forensic medicine, and is divided into
practical examinations at the bedside and in the post­
mortem room, that is to say the clinical examination of
patients, bandaging, operations on the dead body, experi­
ments with models, etc., together with a theoretical