0"T' LAERT> "! - USP

59°
MODERN TIMES.
anatomy, physiology, physics, chemistry, and the descriptive
natural sciences (mineralogy, zoology, and botany)
formed the five subjects on which candidates were examined.
The examination took place under the direction of the dean
of the medical faculty, and was passed after the second
year of studentship. In i860 it was decreed that any
•candidate entering his name for the State-examination
should furnish proofs that he had attended, in the capacity
of assistant, both surgical and medical clinics during two
semesters each. The eXamen rigorosum continued to exist
in an unaltered form as an affair of the faculty and independent
of the State-examination.
At the beginning of* the present century some of the
universities of Prussia appeared superfluous by reason of
the inadequate number of students attending them, and the
vicinity of other .academies more favourably situated.,i phu-s
in 1805 the University of Erfurt with 41 teachers H^m^red
only 21 students, and that of Duisburgwith 12 teachers the
same number of 21 students ; somewhat better attended
were the universities of Frankfort-on-the-Oder with 21
teachers as against 174 students in the year 1797; of
Erlangen with 40teachers and 202 students; of Konigsberg
•with 26 teachers and 346 students, and of Halle with 48
teachers and 762 students. After the universities of Duisburg
and Erfurt had been abolished, and that of Erlangen in
Bavaria had ceased to exist, and Wittenberg had been
united with Halle and Frankfort-on-the-Oder with Breslau,
there remained of the ancient universities only Konigsberg,
Halle, and Breslau; at the last-mentioned a medical faculty
was founded for the first time in 1811. To these were
padded the University of Greifswald, which came under
Prussian rule with Swedish Pomerania, and those of Berlin
a;nd Bonn which, were newly-founded.
, ;;r The University of Berlin assumed a definite form in 1810
•'•'at a time when the State, as a result of the defeats of Jena
'"•and^Auerstadt, was reduced in extent to the half of its
former dimensions, and was partly occupied by foreign