0"T' LAERT> "! - USP

FRANCE. 543
were subordinated. During the next 50 years the organi­
zation of medical teaching in France was but little changed.
Only under the third Republic were endeavours made to
render it more extensive and complete.
At the present time France possesses six medical
faculties at Paris, Montpellier, Nancy — established in
1872, after the University of Strassburg had, with the
province of Alsace, been transferred to Germany—at
Lille, Bordeaux, and Lyons (since 1877), where formerly
lower class medical schools existed. Besides these, there
are 18 medical ecoles preparatoires, the present designa­
tion of what were formerly called ecoles secondaires.
They are situated at Marseilles, Nantes, Toulouse, Amiens,
Angers, Arras, Besancon, Caen, Clermont, Dijon, Grenoble,
Limoges, Poitiers, Rheims, Rennes, Rouen, Tours and
Algiers, and are partly de plein exercise, that is, with
opportunities for a complete course of medical study and
in part merely preparatory schools. They are differently
equipped in regard to appliances for study and in the con­
stitution of the teaching staff. The ecoles de plein exer­
cise have at least 17, the others 12, professors in ordinary.
Between the former class and the medical faculties the
only essential difference consists in the fact that they have
not—like the faculties—the power of conferring the degree
of doctor of medicine. But besides this the faculties are
State institutions, whereas the other medical schools bear
a municipal character.
The students of medicine who desire to get legally
qualified to practise attend the faculties or the ecoles de
plein exercise, but are also permitted to pass a portion of
the period of studentship at the ecoles preparatoires; in
like manner the candidates for the position of Officier de
Sante are admitted as students at the faculties, or at the
other medical schools; but while the diploma of Doctor
can be obtained at the faculties only, the qualification of
an Officier de Sante can be got at any medical school.
There is a comparatively small attendance at the ecoles