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600 MODERN TIMF.S.
State universities are divided into those of first and second
rank. To the first class belong the academies of Rome,
Naples, Turin, Bologna, Padua, Pavia, Pisa, and Palermo;
to the second those of Genoa, Modena, Parma, Macerata,
Siena, Cagliari, Sassari, Catania, and Messina. The latter
are partly incomplete, that is, are not provided with all the
faculties, and possess fewer professorships and a smaller
number of students than the former. The so-called free
universities are at Perugia, Urbino, Camerino and Ferrara.
We must also mention the Instituto Superiore of Florence,
which is connected with clinical and other medical institu­
tions, and offers facilities for the study of medicine.
There is everywhere an absence of the theological
faculty, for the training of the clergy was in 1873 taken
away from the universities and handed over to the epis­
copal seminaries.
Four faculties are recognized, namely, the legal, medical,
that representing mathematics and the natural sciences,
and the linguistic-historical. The study of medicine
is continued over six years. The students must on
matriculation give proof of having received a preliminary
education. If they have not passed through the gymnasium,
and the lyceum, which nearly corresponds to the three
upper classes of the gymnasium in Germany, and have
received no equivalent education elsewhere they are
admitted to attend the lectures, but not to the examinations
or to the degree. A plan of studies is recommended to the
students, but its adoption is not made compulsory. They
are examined only in the most important departments of
medical science, and this takes place immediately after the
termination of the course of study. The examination is
held by the professors who teach the subjects examined
upon, two specialists acting as assistants to each professor.
After having in the course of the period of studentship
passed the different special examinations in the subjects
taught, which are both theoretical and also of a practical
nature—dealing for example with descriptive and patho-