0"T' LAERT> "! - USP

586 MODERN TIMES.
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of which the 'first dealt with anatomy, the situs viscerum
being demonstrated by the candidate who had also to make
a dissection and to explain preparations which were placed
before him; the second part dealt with internal medicine
and consisted of the examination and treatment of two
patients during 2-3 weeks, to which were added questions
upon other cases of disease, and of an inquiry into the candidate's
knowledge of the art of prescribing; in the third
two cases of surgical interest were examined and treated
in the same way; and the fourth, the final viva voce examination,
once more took all subjects taught into consideration
and served as it were to control the preceding examinations.
Hereupon the license to practise medicine was
granted.
Whoever desired to engage in surgical practice also wasobliged
to submit to another examination in operative
•surgery which was interpolated between the second and
third parts of the State-examination and consisted of the
.•candidate writing a surgical essay, giving proof of his
' knowledge of instruments and of the art of operating,.
.'.Applying a bandage and performing two operations on the
'•dead body. If the candidate passed this examination with
' great credit he .received the diploma of " operator :" if hedid
mot distinguish himself he received the diploma of
medical practitioner and surgeon. The title of "operator"
was abolished in 1855.
The " surgeons of the first class " were not obliged to be
' possessed of such a good general education and had tostudy
for three years at a medical faculty or a medicochirurgical
school ; they were however excused one year
of studentship if they had previously been employed for
two years as surgeons of the inferior category. They
received a license to practise internal medicine and surgery
after passing the State-examination. The latter was regulated
upon the same principles as that for the doctors with
university diplomas, and differed from it only in not presupposing
a knowledge of the natural sciences and in