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632 MODERN TIMES.
is a dangerous thing to entrust such a post to anyone who
has up to that time had no practice or experience in teaching.
The division of professors into ordinary and extra­
ordinary as is usual in the universities of Germany and
other countries is less justifiable. The extraordinary
professors are inferior to the ordinary in rank and pay, and
beyond the title have, scarcely any greater privileges than
the private teachers. To this category belong the repre­
sentatives of the so-called subordinate departments, certain
teachers whose duty it is to supplement and complete the
instruction in some of the principal departments, and those
private teachers who have received the title of professor as
a reward for their services. There is no doubt that it is an
act of injustice to punish a professor because he devotes
his powers to teaching a subject which is not of primary
importance to the profession. When men who are counted
amongst those who are an honour to science are thus dealt
with it is not only cruel but also unreasonable. Their un­
selfish efforts should be recognized and assisted, not
crushed and paralyzed by a mortifying and unjust restraint.
Against making the position of the representatives of the
subordinate departments equal to that of those who teach
the principal subjects, it is urged that the claims upon the
teaching-powers of the two sets of professors differ in
degree: but such things cannot be estimated in the same*
way as the work of day-labourers, according to the number
of hours put in.
It is above all things difficult to determine what depart­
ments of medical science can be considered subordinate
in the curriculum. Formerly even midwifery, ophthalmo­
logy, and pathological anatomy were so considered.
Opinions are divided as to whether many departments
of medical science, as for example histology, forensic
medicine, dermatology, laryngology, etc., should be con­
sidered principal or subordinate subjects. Much will also
depend upon the size of the school: for it is clear that'