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AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 559
about in the system of medical education and in the social
relations of the medical profession, the main features of
which have been preserved until modern times. Several
other measures, such as the abolition of the degree of
bachelor and of the inaugural dissertation—for the latter a
practical examination at the bedside being substituted •
formed very appropriate improvements in medical educa­
tion. The erection of the General Hospital at Vienna—the
abundant material for instruction afforded by it being made
available for clinical teaching—and, the foundation of the
Military Hospital which was devoted to the same purpose
as the Josefinum, rendered possible the splendid successes
which the Vienna school of medicine has since achieved.
JOSEPH II. also established the Deaf and Dumb Institute,
the Foundling Hospital and the Veterinary Hospital in
Vienna, and caused hospitals to be erected in Prague,
Graz, and other large towns of the empire and to be made
use of for the education of doctors. He also built per­
manent military hospitals in Milan, Mantua, Prague, Briinn,
Olmiitz, Pesth, Koniggratz, Lemberg, Hermannstadt and
other places. " Whatever can be devised to cure sick and
wounded humanity, to alleviate suffering and to preserve
life has been a subject never neglected by me; every
individual man has been precious to me," were his words
on taking leave of the army a few days before his death.
The beneficent creations of this Emperor, who even if he
did make mistakes was at all times filled with an earnest
desire to make his people happy, give him a claim upon the
gratitude of mankind. His good deeds have outlasted his
plans and, performances in the field of politics and to this
day bear testimony to the noble prince who lived for his
people non diu sed lotus, as is said on the monument which
has been erected to him in his capital*
The reaction which set in against his political schemes
was also directed against the measures he had taken in
TH. PUSCHMANN : Die Medicin in Wien wahrend der letzten hundert Jahre,
Wien 1884, S. 53 et seq.