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572 MODERN TIMES.
many of, the crown lands founded similar appointments for
students who were natives of those places and who wished
to settle there again. It was hoped by these means to
train up a class of skilled and experienced surgeons who
afterwards might be able to do good work as university
teachers, as directors and principals of hospitals and
surgical wards, as sanitary officials or as private practitioners
in the different parts of the empire.
At the same time a similar arrangement was instituted at
the Josefinum, so that the army might be supplied with
expert operators.
When a second surgical clinic was founded at the
Vienna medical faculty a number of students was appropriated
to this too for the purpose of being trained as
operators.
Since 1870 these appointments have been made only
for one year: but on the recommendation of the professors
of the surgical clinic they may be extended to two
or three years. The candidates must be doctors of medicine
and must show in an examination on anatomy and
surgery that they have the gifts necessary for the vocation
of an operator. To only a proportion of them is any
stipend paid: the others study at their own expense. At
neither of the two surgical clinics must the number of them
exceed eight.
Similar arrangements were in 1882 made in the obstetric
clinics of the University of Vienna with the object of
insuring the education of skilful operators in the depart­
ment of midwifery-
Certain considerations, suggested by the Austrian system
of medical education, have often given rise to discussions
in the Press. In the first place, the lectures and examinations
upon the sciences which are used as a preparation for
the study of medicine occupy more time than appears justifiable
when we consider the curriculum of the gymnasia:
for by this so many hours are given up to instruction in
the natural sciences that the assumption may fairly be