0"T' LAERT> "! - USP

MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS.
means forbidden to gratify several of his colleagues in this
way. Moreover, every doctor of the faculty received a
cap and a pair of woven gloves, every licentiate and
bachelor a pair of ordinary gloves "in choosing which,
however, the reputation and honour of the faculty are to
be respected." *
Similar demands were made at other universities. The
expenses caused by the promotion to the higher degree in
Paris reached the largest amount. Poor candidates for the
Doctorate, if distinguished for their learning, were
exceptionally excused the high charges and at certain
academies this practice was carried out regularly at stated
intervals, t Many were repelled by the charges connected
with promotion from taking it, and were content to practise
medicine as licentiates. The latter enjoyed in respect of
medical practice the same rights as the doctors. The only
difference between them consisted in this, that the doctors
were accredited members of the faculty in the enjoyment of
full rights, consulted together upon the business matters con­
nected with it, determined its laws, and shared in certain
privileges. It was a characteristic feature of the Studium
generate that the degree of doctor was of recognized value
'in all countries of Christendom. It is true, that even in
earlier times some limitations were imposed on this
privilege; they, however, restricted not so much the
right of practising medicine as a calling, in any and
every locality, as they did the claim of an alien doctor
to be received as a member enjoying full rights in the
medical faculty of a university not his own. The faculties
saw in promotion an important source of income, which
was encroached upon if doctors who had received the
higher degree in a foreign academy were without any
further ceremony regarded as members of their own.
Thus the doctors of Bologna in 1298 refused to receive a
colleague—the son of a citizen of that town—into their
* ROSAS op. cit. i, S. 35.—HAUTZ op. tit. i, 160.
t COPPI op. cit. p. 204.