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MEDICAL TEACHING. 407
among them are found works of AART PiETERSEN, T. DE
KEYSER, MICHAEL VAN MIEREVELD, ADRIAN BACKER, C.
TROOST and T. REGTERS. They were mostly intended
for the Surgeon's Guild at Amsterdam.* To us they offer
a series of important lessons upon the history of medical
teaching and upon the social position which doctors, at
that period, occupied in the Netherlands.
Anatomical teaching was no longer limited as formerly
to demonstrating the organs of the large cavities of the
body, but a detailed examination was given as well to the
muscles, vessels, and nerves. The students were also urged
to participate in anatomical work themselves. HALLER
when a student at Leyden had the opportunity of dissect­
ing three corpses under the guidance of his teacher
ALBINUS.f Arrangements were made at the College of
St. Come at Paris, in 1750, for the students to practise
anatomical dissections.j: At Vienna, the talented JOSEF
BARTH introduced the practice of the students performing
their own dissections. STOLL and P. FRANK explained the
necessity of future doctors themselves taking an active
part in dissecting.§ At most universities the anatomists
had also the additional duty of demonstrating and explain­
ing the pathological changes as seen in the dead body.
WERLHOF expressly demanded that this should be done, in
the opinion he gave concerning the arrangements of the
medical faculty of Gottingen. This circumstance is more­
over rendered evident by the fact that the representative
anatomists of that period, such as LANCISI, VALSALVA,
MORGAGNI, LIEUTAND, PORTAL, SANDIFORT, J. HUNTER,
HALLER and others, laid also the foundations of patho­
logical anatomy. Already collections of specimens illustra-
* J. B. TILANUS: Beschrijving der Schilderijen afkomstig van het Chirurgijnsgild
te Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1865.—P. TRIAIRE: Les lecons d'anatomie
et les peintres Hollandais, Paris 1887.
f VALENTIN op. cit. S. 68.
X P. FRANK op. cit. vi, 2 Abth., S. 331, Anm.
§ FRANK op. cit. vi, 2, S. 87.