0"T' LAERT> "! - USP

T38 THE MIDDLE AGES.
towns of Italy, Gaul and Spain* in which, along with
Greek and Roman literature, were also taught grammar,
history, philosophy, rhetoric, jurisprudence, mathematics,
physics and astronomy, and sometimes also medicine. The
organization of these places resembled in many respects
that of the English Universities. They had in view not so
much preparation for any particular calling as the object of
giving a general education embracing all subjects of knowledge
then in the possession of mankind. The professors
of 'these high schools were paid at the public cost and
enjoyed immunities, freedom from taxation, and other
privileges. Their number was limited and was regulated— ; !
as was that of the Archiatri—in accordance with the size
of the town. Thirty-one professors were appointed to the •
high school at Constantinople which was founded in the
fifth century A.D.f Besides the professors nominated by
the authorities of the town or the Government there appear
to have been other teachers who, like private tutors of
the present day, made a profession of teaching without
receiving any regular salary.
The sons of wealthy parents were generally accompanied
to the high schools by attendants who, partaking of the
characters both of governors and servants, in most cases
belonged to the class of slaves either actual or recently
emancipated. The teachers received from their pupils a
fee settled by agreement. For such fees to produce a
satisfactory income it was a matter of great importance 1
to the teachers that they should have numerous pupils.
The student life, as it was developed in Rome and.!
Athens, resembled in many respects the Continental student :i
life of the present day. The students joined in societies-1
according to the country of their birth, sought to attract
and enrol new comers, " freshmen," by all means of per-
* F. CRAMER : Geschichte der Erziehung und des Unterrichts im Alterthumjl
Elberfeld 1832, Bd. i, S. 477 et seq.
' f J. C F. BAHR : De literarum universitate Constantinopoli, Heidelberg-
1835.—SAVIONY: Geschichte des romischen Rechts, Bd. i, S. 396.